ArticleJournal of refractive surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995)2022
Differentiating Between Contact Lens Warpage and Keratoconus Using OCT Maps of Corneal Mean Curvature and Epithelial Thickness.
Article in Journal of refractive surgery (Thorofare, N.J. : 1995), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Is it really keratoconus or pseudo-keratoconus? - Topographic mimicry.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Corneal Epithelial Thickness Mapping: A Major Review.Journal of ophthalmology · 2024Review
- Keratoconus Diagnosis: From Fundamentals to Artificial Intelligence: A Systematic Narrative Review.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo formulate an Epithelial Modulation index to differentiate between eyes with contact lens warpage and keratoconus.
methodsNormal eyes and eyes with either contact lens warpage or keratoconus were scanned by a Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) system. Maps of epithelial thickness and anterior surface mean curvature were generated and converted to deviation maps by subtracting the average maps from a healthy population. The Epithelial Modulation index was defined as the covariance between the two types of deviation maps. A logistic regression model was used to classify eyes as non-keratoconus (normal or warp-age) or keratoconus (manifest, subclinical, or forme fruste).
resultsThe average Epithelial Modulation index value for normal eyes was -0.6 ± 1.0 µm/m. Eyes with keratoconus were characterized by coincident high anterior surface mean curvature and low epithelial thickness, resulting in a high Epithelial Modulation index (manifest: 103.0 ± 82.9 µm/m, subclinical: 37.0 ± 23.0 µm/m, forme fruste: 7.3 ± 13.2 µm/m). The Epithelial Modulation index was closer to normal for eyes with warpage (-1.9 ± 4.0 µm/m). The classification accuracy of the Epithelial Modulation index during five-fold cross-validation of the logistic regression model was 100 ± 0% for normal eyes and 99.0 ± 2.0% for eyes with warpage. The accuracy was 100 ± 0%, 100 ± 0%, and 53.1 ± 1.5% for the manifest, subclinical, and forme fruste keratoconus groups, respectively.
conclusionsThe Epithelial Modulation index is useful in distinguishing eyes with secondary epithelial modulation (keratoconus) from those with primary epithelial deformation (contact lens-related warpage).
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