ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
Cytokine Release Syndrome in Cancer Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Case Series of 25 Patients and Review of the Literature.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 75 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 104 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systemic inflammatory syndromes as life-threatening side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors: case report and systematic review of the literature.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Pooled it
- Clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of nivolumab induced cytokine release syndrome.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Article
- Molecular Mechanisms and Immune Regulation in Prostate Cancer: A Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Assessment of Blocking Interleukin-17 Antibodies in Tumor Immunotherapy with Checkpoint Inhibitors or Tumor-Specific T Cells in Implanted and UVB-Induced Cancers.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Drug-associated cytokine release syndrome: a FAERS pharmacovigilance study with complementary transcriptomic analysis.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Fully Humanized Bispecific T Cell Engager Shows Potent Activity in Central Nervous System and Peripheral Tumors.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- A Case of Cytokine Release Syndrome Induced by Avelumab and Axitinib Combination Therapy for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.IJU case reports · 2026Article
- Tocilizumab for steroid-refractory hemophagocytic syndrome after durvalumab and tremelimumab for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.Clinical journal of gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Safety profile of ipilimumab in elderly patients: a disproportionate analysis based on the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Cytokine release syndrome in solid tumours: mechanism-based therapeutic strategies for prevention and management.Therapeutic advances in medical oncology · 2026Review
- From escort to target, the multidimensional roles and prospects of platelets in tumor immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Precision Management of Tumor-Associated Fever: From Classification to Targeted Intervention.Cancer management and research · 2026Review
- Closing the evidence gap in older adults with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: a CGA-guided, risk-adapted treatment framework.Therapeutic advances in medical oncology · 2026Review
- Dengue and severe dengue.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- The Immuno-oncology-Induced Cytokine Release Syndrome Patient Diary: A Content-Valid, Patient-Reported Outcome Measure.Oncology and therapy · 2025Article
- Cytokine release syndrome complicated with sepsis induced by tislelizumab in a patient with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: A case report.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Recurrent Cytokine Release Syndrome in Metastatic Gastric Cancer on Nivolumab-FOLFOX: A Case Report and Mechanistic Review.Journal of gastrointestinal cancer · 2025Article
- Autoimmune Type 1 Diabetes in the Era of Disease-Modifying Immune Therapy.Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews · 2025Review
- Decision-Making Biomarkers Guiding Therapeutic Strategies in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: From Prediction to Personalized Care.Cancers · 2025Review
- Tocilizumab for Steroid Pulse-Refractory Cytokine Release Syndrome in Chemotherapy With Durvalumab Plus Tremelimumab for NSCLC: A Case Report.JTO clinical and research reports · 2025Article
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a phenomenon of immune hyperactivation described in the setting of immunotherapy. Unlike other immune-related adverse events, CRS triggered by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is not well described. The clinical characteristics and course of 25 patients with ICI-induced CRS from 2 tertiary hospitals were abstracted retrospectively from the medical records and analyzed. CRS events were confirmed by 2 independent reviewers and graded using the Lee et al. scale. The median duration of CRS was 15.0 days (Q1; Q3 6.3; 29.8) and 10 (40.0%) had multiple episodes of CRS flares. Comparing the clinical factors and biomarkers in Grades 1-2 and 3-5 CRS, we found that patients with Grades 3-5 CRS had following: (i) had longer time to fever onset [25.0 days (Q1; Q3 13.0; 136.5) vs. 3.0 days (Q1; Q3 0.0; 18.0), p=0.027]; (ii) more cardiovascular (p=0.002), neurologic (p=0.001), pulmonary (p=0.044) and rheumatic (p=0.037) involvement; (iii) lower platelet count (p=0.041) and higher urea (p=0.041) at presentation compared to patients with Grades 1-2 CRS. 7 patients (28.0%) with Grades 1-2 CRS were rechallenged using ICIs without event. 9 patients (36.0%) were treated with pulse methylprednisolone and 6 patients (24.0%) were treated with tocilizumab. Despite this, 3 patients (50%) who received tocilizumab had fatal (Grade 5) outcomes from ICI-induced CRS. Longer time to fever onset, lower platelet count and higher urea at presentation were associated with Grade 3-5 CRS. These parameters may be used to predict which patients are likely to develop severe CRS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.