Trial reportBMJ open2021
Human papillomavirus vaccine efficacy against invasive, HPV-positive cancers: population-based follow-up of a cluster-randomised trial.
Trial report in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 30 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Randomized, Worldwide, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study to Investigate the Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy on the Incidence of HPV 16/18-Related CIN 2/3 or Worse of the Quadrivalent HPV (Types 6, 11, 16, 18) L1 Virus-Like Particle (VLP) Vaccine in 16- to 23-Year Old Women - The FUTURE II Study (Females United to Unilaterally Reduce Endo/Ectocervical Disease)
A Phase III, Double-blind, Randomized, Controlled, Multi-center Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals. HPV-16/18 VLP AS04 Vaccine Compared to Hepatitis A Vaccine as Control in Prevention of Persistent HPV-16 or HPV-18 Cervical Infection and Cervical Neoplasia, Administered Intramuscularly According to a 0, 1, 6 Month Schedule in Healthy Females 15-25 Years of Age.
Immunogenicity: 3 Consecutive Lots of GSK Biologicals' HPV-16/18 Vaccine Administered Intramuscularly at 0,1,6 Month Schedule in Healthy Females Aged 10-25 Years and Demonstrate Non-inferiority of Candidate HPV Vaccine Manufactured by Modified Production Process
Who cites it
30 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programmes on community rates of HPV-related disease and harms from vaccination.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness of interventions to improve vaccine efficacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Comprehensive evaluation of prophylactic HPV vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity in males and females.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Head-to-head comparison of two human papillomavirus vaccines for efficacy against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 and adenocarcinomaFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Trial
- Clinical research progress and challenges of vaccine for human papillomavirus-associated cancers.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Elimination of HPV-associated cancers: universal HPV vaccination and the role of anal screening - a meeting report.BMC proceedings · 2026Article
- Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Discourse and Sentiment on Reddit Before and After COVID-19: Mixed Methods Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Extended follow-up of invasive cervical cancer risk after quadrivalent HPV vaccination: nationwide, register based study.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2026Article
- DNA Methylation in Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Cervical Cancer: Triage and Management.Current topics in microbiology and immunology · 2026Review
- Gynaecological follow-up of adolescent and young adult cancer survivors: a comparative cohort study.BMJ open · 2025Article
- A multinational cross-sectional study on human papillomavirus and cervical cancer knowledge, vaccination attitudes, and risk factors in the Middle East.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- U.S. Vietnamese Parents' Perceptions of Different Approaches for Confirming Adolescent HPV Vaccination Records in Research Studies.Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2025Article
- Survey of practices in the European Federation for Colposcopy: HPV vaccination after treatment for cervical precancerous lesions.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2025Article
- Article
- The role and mechanism of human papillomavirus in urinary system tumors.The Journal of international medical research · 2025Review
- Advances in cancer immunotherapy: historical perspectives, current developments, and future directions.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- High-risk human papillomavirus prevalence and serostatus in a cohort of cisgender women and people with a cervix living with perinatally acquired HIV.HIV medicine · 2025Article
- Opportunities and challenges for human papillomavirus vaccination in China.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- The Assessment of Knowledge About Cervical Cancer, HPV Vaccinations, and Screening Programs Among Women as an Element of Cervical Cancer Prevention in Poland.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
21 authors at 9 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination protects against HPV, a necessary risk factor for cervical cancer. We now report results from population-based follow-up of randomised cohorts that vaccination provides HPV-type-specific protection against invasive cancer.
methodsIndividually and/or cluster randomised cohorts of HPV-vaccinated and non-vaccinated women were enrolled in 2002-2005. HPV vaccine cohorts comprised originally 16-17 year-old HPV 16/18-vaccinated PATRICIA (NCT00122681) and 012 trial (NCT00169494) participants (2465) and HPV6/11/16/18-vaccinated FUTURE II (NCT00092534) participants (866). Altogether, 3341 vaccines were followed by the Finnish Cancer Registry in the same way as 16 526 non-HPV-vaccinated controls. The control cohort stemmed from 15 665 originally 18-19 years-old women enrolled in 2003 (6499) or 2005 (9166) and 861 placebo recipients of the FUTURE II trial. The follow-up started 6 months after the clinical trials in 2007 and 2009 and ended in 2019. It was age aligned for the cohorts.
findingsDuring a follow-up time of up to 11 years, we identified 17 HPV-positive invasive cancer cases (14 cervical cancers, 1 vaginal cancer, 1 vulvar cancer and 1 tongue cancer) in the non-HPV-vaccinated cohorts and no cases in the HPV-vaccinated cohorts. HPV typing of diagnostic tumour blocks found HPV16 in nine cervical cancer cases, HPV18, HPV33 and HPV52 each in two cases and HPV45 in one cervical cancer case. The vaginal, vulvar and tongue cancer cases were, respectively, positive for HPV16, HPV52/66 and HPV213. Intention-to-treat vaccine efficacy against all HPV-positive cancers was 100% (95% CI 2 to 100, p<0.05).
interpretationVaccination is effective against invasive HPV-positive cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT00122681, Post-results; NCT00169494, Post-results; NCT00092534, Post-results.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.