ArticleCell2022
Immune imprinting, breadth of variant recognition, and germinal center response in human SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.
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Article in Cell, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 307 papers.
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307citing papers in PubMed
47.5field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
307 citing papers in PubMed, 479 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety, immunogenicity, persistence and dose evaluation of the CS-2034 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: a phase II randomized controlled trial in healthy Chinese adults.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Trial
- SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibody Treatment Followed by Vaccination Shifts Human Memory B-Cell Epitope Recognition, Suggesting Antibody Feedback.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Trial
- Antibody persistence of standard versus double three-dose hepatitis B vaccine in liver transplant children: a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Antigen anisotropy: The overlooked geometric determinant of vaccine immunogenicity and fidelity.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Broad cross-T cell immunity between emerging SARS-CoV-2 serotypes waved by spike-signature mutations.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Beyond correlation and causation: epistemic caution, anomalous findings, and COVID-19 vaccine safety.Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM · 2026Review
- Two Versus One COVID-19 Vaccine Dose After Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Spike Protein at the Crossroads of Long-COVID and Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Syndromes: A Cardio-Hematological Perspective.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Evaluating COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness across epidemiologic designs: test-negative case-control versus retrospective cohort analyses in a nationwide study.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Vaccination-first immune priming shapes a sustained mRNA vaccine-induced IgG4 class switch that associates with SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection risk.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- mRNA-based influenza vaccine expands the B cell response breadth in humans.Nature immunology · 2026Observational
- Past achievements and future perspectives of personalized vaccines and the role of dendritic cells.Immunologic research · 2026Review
- Durability and Breadth of Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants Following XBB.1.5 Vaccination in a Multiply Exposed Cohort.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- Variant-specific and cross-reactive antibody responses following COVID-19 booster vaccinations and SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Impact of Repeated Antigen Exposure on Humoral Tolerance: Antidrug Antibodies After Single-Dose Versus Multi-dose Adalimumab.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2026Article
- First exposure to SARS-CoV-2 shapes IgG subclass switching after mRNA vaccination.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Biographical Feature: Benjamin A. Pinsky, MD, PhD.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2026Article
- Review
- A glycan-based adjuvant expands the breadth and duration of protection of mRNA-based vaccines.Nature immunology · 2026Article
247 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
43 authors at 8 institutions in 2 countries.
Katharina RöltgenDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Sandra C A NielsenDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Oscar SilvaDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Sheren F YounesDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Maxim ZaslavskyDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Cristina CostalesDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Fan YangDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Oliver F WirzDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Daniel SolisDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Ramona A HohDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Aihui WangDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Prabhu S ArunachalamInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Deana ColburgDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Shuchun ZhaoDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Emily HaraguchiDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Alexandra S LeeSean N. Parker Center for Allergy & Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Mihir M ShahSean N. Parker Center for Allergy & Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Monali ManoharSean N. Parker Center for Allergy & Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Iris ChangSean N. Parker Center for Allergy & Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Fei GaoInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Vamsee MallajosyulaInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Chunfeng LiInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
James LiuStanford Health Library, Stanford, CA, USA.
Massa J ShouraDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Sayantani B SindherSean N. Parker Center for Allergy & Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Ella ParsonsSean N. Parker Center for Allergy & Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Naranjargal J DashdorjOnom Foundation, Ulaanbaatar 17013, Mongolia; Liver Center, Ulaanbaatar 14230, Mongolia.
Naranbaatar D DashdorjOnom Foundation, Ulaanbaatar 17013, Mongolia.
Robert MonroeAdvanced Cell Diagnostics, Newark, CA, USA.
Geidy E SerranoBanner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA.
Thomas G BeachBanner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA.
R Sharon ChinthrajahSean N. Parker Center for Allergy & Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Gregory W CharvilleDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
James L WilburMeso Scale Diagnostics LLC, Rockville, MD, USA.
Jacob N WohlstadterMeso Scale Diagnostics LLC, Rockville, MD, USA.
Mark M DavisInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Bali PulendranDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Megan L TroxellDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
George B SigalMeso Scale Diagnostics LLC, Rockville, MD, USA.
Yasodha NatkunamDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Benjamin A PinskyDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Kari C NadeauSean N. Parker Center for Allergy & Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Scott D BoydDepartment of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy & Asthma Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Electronic address: publications_scott_boyd@stanford.edu.
Stanford University · USMeso Scale Discovery (United States) · USBanner Sun Health Research Institute · USMongolian University of Life Sciences · MNStanford Medicine · USAdvanced Cell Diagnostics (United States) · USHoward Hughes Medical Institute · USStanford Health Care · US
Funding
Using a tonsil organoid system to probe conditions for the induction of protective antibody and T cell responses to influenza.U19AI057229 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Mark Morris Davis · 2003 to 2026
$88.5MResearch Education ComponentP30AG019610 · NIA · SUN HEALTH RESEARCH INSTITUTE · PI GONZALEZ HERNANDEZ, GRACIELA · 2001 to 2020
$32.5MResearch Education ComponentP30AG072980 · NIA · BANNER HEALTH · PI HEATHER Allyson BIMONTE-NELSON · 2021 to 2026
$24.9MThe effects of immune-age on immune-response and the molecular mechanisms which drive itP01AI153559 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI SHEN-ORR, SHAI SHLOMO · 2021 to 2025
$17.8MSystems biological assessment of T cell responses to vaccinationU19AI167903 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI BALI PULENDRAN · 2022 to 2026
$13.2MProject 3: T CellsU54CA260517 · NCI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI BOYD, SCOTT DEXTER · 2020 to 2024
$10.4MEffects of aging on primary and secondary vaccine responses in a 15-year longitudinal cohortR01AI130398 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI BOYD, SCOTT DEXTER · 2017 to 2021
$4.0MStorage and recall of human B cell memory of influenza over tissues and timeR01AI127877 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI BOYD, SCOTT DEXTER · 2017 to 2021
$2.0MNCI NIH HHS U54 CA260517NIAID NIH HHS HHSN272201700013CNIAID NIH HHS P01 AI153559NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI127877NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI130398NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI057229NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI167903NIA NIH HHS P30 AG019610NIA NIH HHS P30 AG072980
Abstract
During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, novel and traditional vaccine strategies have been deployed globally. We investigated whether antibodies stimulated by mRNA vaccination (BNT162b2), including third-dose boosting, differ from those generated by infection or adenoviral (ChAdOx1-S and Gam-COVID-Vac) or inactivated viral (BBIBP-CorV) vaccines. We analyzed human lymph nodes after infection or mRNA vaccination for correlates of serological differences. Antibody breadth against viral variants is lower after infection compared with all vaccines evaluated but improves over several months. Viral variant infection elicits variant-specific antibodies, but prior mRNA vaccination imprints serological responses toward Wuhan-Hu-1 rather than variant antigens. In contrast to disrupted germinal centers (GCs) in lymph nodes during infection, mRNA vaccination stimulates robust GCs containing vaccine mRNA and spike antigen up to 8 weeks postvaccination in some cases. SARS-CoV-2 antibody specificity, breadth, and maturation are affected by imprinting from exposure history and distinct histological and antigenic contexts in infection compared with vaccination.
Indexed as
Antibodies, ViralBNT162 VaccineCOVID-19Germinal CenterAntigens, ViralHumansSARS-CoV-2Spike Glycoprotein, CoronavirusVaccinationAntibodies, ViralAntigens, ViralBNT162 VaccineSpike Glycoprotein, Coronavirusspike protein, SARS-CoV-2antibodiesAstra ZenecaautopsyBBIBP-CorVBioNTech-PfizerBNT162b2ChAdOx1-SCOVID-19Delta variantendemic coronavirusesGam-COVID-Vacimprintinglymph node germinal centerModernamRNA-1273SARS-CoV-2SARS-CoV-2 variants of concernSinopharmSputnik Vvaccine
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.