ArticleFrontiers in immunology2022
Immune Response in Moderate to Critical Breakthrough COVID-19 Infection After mRNA Vaccination.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- The structure and function of membrane protein in coronavirus infection and its applications in the development of vaccines and therapeutic drugs.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Delayed Cellular Immunity in SARS-CoV-2 Antibody-Non-Responders to COVID-19 Vaccination: Rethinking Post-Vaccine Immune Assessment.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Relationships Between Polymorphisms in HLA-G 3'UTR Region and COVID-19 Disease Severity.Biochemical genetics · 2025Article
- Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and Biomarkers in Device-Captured Droplets From the Lung.CHEST pulmonary · 2025Article
- Role of antiviral CD8+ T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.Journal of virology · 2025Review
- Prior vaccination prevents overactivation of innate immune responses during COVID-19 breakthrough infection.Science translational medicine · 2025Article
- Reduced spike specific T-cell responses in COVID-19 vaccinated subjects undergoing SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Article
- SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections enhance T cell response magnitude, breadth, and epitope repertoire.Cell reports. Medicine · 2024Article
- The Effect of Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and Infection on Humoral and Cellular Immunity in a Cohort of Patients with Immune-Mediated Diseases: A Pilot Study.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Fading SARS-CoV-2 humoral VOC cross-reactivity and sustained cellular immunity in convalescent children and adolescents.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- The Importance of Measuring SARS-CoV-2-Specific T-Cell Responses in an Ongoing Pandemic.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Article
- Low avidity circulating SARS-CoV-2 reactive CD8+ T cells with proinflammatory TEMRA phenotype are associated with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Humoral and cellular immune responses after COVID-19 vaccination of lung transplant recipients and patients on the waiting list: a 6-month follow-up.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Low humoral and cellular immune responses early after breakthrough infection may contribute to severe COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Article
- Vaccination in patients with kidney failure: lessons from COVID-19.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2022Review
- Impaired immunity and high attack rates caused by SARS-CoV-2 variants among vaccinated long-term care facility residents.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2022Article
- Impact of Prior Infection on SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Responses in Vaccinated Long-Term Care Facility Staff.mSphere · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
21 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) can trigger severe endemic waves and vaccine breakthrough infections (VBI). We analyzed the cellular and humoral immune response in 8 patients infected with the alpha variant, resulting in moderate to fatal COVID-19 disease manifestation, after double mRNA-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. In contrast to the uninfected vaccinated control cohort, the diseased individuals had no detectable high-avidity spike (S)-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells against the alpha variant and wild type (WT) at disease onset, whereas a robust CD4+ T-cell response against the N- and M-proteins was generated. Furthermore, a delayed alpha S-reactive high-avidity CD4+ T-cell response was mounted during disease progression. Compared to the vaccinated control donors, these patients also had lower neutralizing antibody titers against the alpha variant at disease onset. The delayed development of alpha S-specific cellular and humoral immunity upon VBI indicates reduced immunogenicity against the S-protein of the alpha VOC, while there was a higher and earlier N- and M-reactive T-cell response. Our findings do not undermine the current vaccination strategies but underline a potential need for the inclusion of VBI patients in alternative vaccination strategies and additional antigenic targets in next-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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