ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2022
Racial/Ethnic and Geographic Trends in Combined Stimulant/Opioid Overdoses, 2007-2019.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 78 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 113 citations in OpenAlex.
- The ASAM/AAAP Clinical Practice Guideline on the Management of Stimulant Use Disorder.Journal of addiction medicineGuideline
- Racial/Ethnic and Regional Disparities in Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths among Children and Adolescents in the United States.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Effects of opioids and stimulants on the respiratory system.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2026Review
- Daily polysubstance use associated with HIV, HCV, and non-fatal overdose among people who inject drugs: A latent class analysis using nationwide data.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Commentary on Friedman et al.: Inequitable improvements and data gaps-A call for better drug surveillance data.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Article
- Identifying Demographic Predictors of Increased Nonfatal Opioid Overdose Risk Among New York State Medicaid Enrollees After the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of Heterogeneous Treatment Effects.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Rationale, design and methods of theBMJ open · 2026Article
- Examining Ethnic and Racial Variations in Opioid-related Hospitalizations Using Western U.S. Electronic Health Records.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Review
- Demographic and Health Characteristics in Hispanic versus non-Hispanic Groups Experiencing Homelessness in New Mexico.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Characterizing patterns of opioid and stimulant use by route and associations with non-fatal overdose and xylazine use in people who have injected drugs from Baltimore, MD, 2023-2024.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2026Article
- Examining the association between county racialised economic segregation and fatal overdose in US counties, 2018-2022.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2026Article
- "Another one bite the dust-It happens so much in Black neighborhoods": Structural barriers and grassroots resources among Black men who use drugs facing fentanyl-era overdose and treatment disparities.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2026Article
- Methamphetamine in the Midwestern United States: a call for advocacy and action.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Brief Report: Naloxone Decline Among African American Kentuckians.Substance use & addiction journal · 2026Article
- Fatal Opioid Overdoses by Historical and Contemporary Neighborhood-Level Structural Racism.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- Examining trends in polydrug overdose deaths across rural Midwest counties in the United States, 2022 through 2024.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Implementation of a Collaborative, Novel Naloxone Distribution Initiative during an Annual Point-in-Time Count.Social work · 2025Article
- Mental health behaviors and suicide risk among White and Black adults with Opioid Use Disorder.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Variability in trends of opioid-related hospital utilization among U.S. Adults, 2016-2021 check.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Characteristics associated with forced treatment discontinuation among people who use drugs in Rhode Island.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In the United States, combined stimulant/opioid overdose mortality has risen dramatically over the last decade. These increases may particularly affect non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic populations. We used death certificate data from the US National Center for Health Statistics (2007-2019) to compare state-level trends in overdose mortality due to opioids in combination with 1) cocaine and 2) methamphetamine and other stimulants (MOS) across racial/ethnic groups (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic Asian American/Pacific Islander). To avoid unstable estimates from small samples, we employed principles of small area estimation and a Bayesian hierarchical model, enabling information-sharing across groups. Black Americans experienced severe and worsening mortality due to opioids in combination with both cocaine and MOS, particularly in eastern states. Cocaine/opioid mortality increased 575% among Black people versus 184% in White people (Black, 0.60 to 4.05 per 100,000; White, 0.49 to 1.39 per 100,000). MOS/opioid mortality rose 16,200% in Black people versus 3,200% in White people (Black, 0.01 to 1.63 per 100,000; White, 0.09 to 2.97 per 100,000). Cocaine/opioid overdose mortality rose sharply among Hispanic and Asian Americans. State-group heterogeneity highlighted the importance of data disaggregation and methods to address small sample sizes. Research to understand the drivers of these trends and expanded efforts to address them are needed, particularly in minoritized groups.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.