ArticleNorth American Spine Society journal2021
Operator independent reliability of direct augmented reality navigated pedicle screw placement and rod bending.
Article in North American Spine Society journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Accuracy of augmented reality-assisted pedicle screw placement: a systematic review.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2024Pooled it
- Microsoft HoloLens 2 in Medical and Healthcare Context: State of the Art and Future Prospects.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Pooled it
- An Optical Tracking-Based Robot-Assisted System for Spinal Fixation Rod Bending.The international journal of medical robotics + computer assisted surgery : MRCAS · 2026Article
- Template guided versus freehand rod bending in spinal deformity surgery: a feasibility study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Augmented Reality Navigation for Pedicle Screw Fixation: Technical Accuracy and Feasibility in a Human Cadaveric Study.Clinics in orthopedic surgery · 2026Article
- Assessing the accuracy of 3D assistive technologies for surgical guidance of osteosarcoma resections: a comparative laboratory study of mixed reality, patient-specific instruments and freehand approaches.Arthroplasty (London, England) · 2026Article
- Augmented reality-guided pedicle screw fixation: an experimental study.Asian spine journal · 2025Article
- How good are we at rod bending?-a review of the literature and a case series of experienced pediatric and adult scoliosis surgeons.Journal of spine surgery (Hong Kong) · 2025Article
- A new method of accurate pedicle screw navigation.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- A Network Meta-Analysis Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Pedicle Screw Placement Techniques Using Intraoperative Conventional, Navigation, Robot-Assisted, and Augmented Reality Guiding Systems.International journal of spine surgery · 2024Article
- Biomechanical effects of posterior lumbar interbody fusion with vertical placement of pedicle screws compared to traditional placement.World journal of clinical cases · 2024Article
- A novel method to evaluate the transverse pedicle angles of the lower lumbar vertebrae using digital radiography.PloS one · 2024Article
- Factors affecting augmented reality head-mounted device performance in real OR.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2023Article
- Translation of Medical AR Research into Clinical Practice.Journal of imaging · 2023Article
- Augmented reality-assisted craniofacial reconstruction in skull base lesions - an innovative technique for single-step resection and cranioplasty in neurosurgery.Neurosurgical review · 2022Article
- Great Expectations with Augmented Reality in Spine Surgery: Hope or Hype?A commentary on the article 'Operator independent reliability of direct augmented reality navigated pedicle screw placement and rod bending' by Farshad et al.North American Spine Society journal · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAR based navigation of spine surgeries may not only provide accurate surgical execution but also operator independency by compensating for potential skill deficits. "Direct" AR-navigation, namely superposing trajectories on anatomy directly, have not been investigated regarding their accuracy and operator's dependence.Purpose of this study was to prove operator independent reliability and accuracy of both AR assisted pedicle screw navigation and AR assisted rod bending in a cadaver setting.
methodsTwo experienced spine surgeons and two biomedical engineers (laymen) performed independently from each other pedicle screw instrumentations from L1-L5 in a total of eight lumbar cadaver specimens (20 screws/operator) using a fluoroscopy-free AR based navigation method. Screw fitting rods from L1 to S2-Ala-Ileum were bent bilaterally using an AR based rod bending navigation method (4 rods/operator). Outcome measures were pedicle perforations, accuracy compared to preoperative plan, registration time, navigation time, total rod bending time and operator's satisfaction for these procedures.
results97.5% of all screws were safely placed (<2 mm perforation), overall mean deviation from planned trajectory was 6.8±3.9°, deviation from planned entry point was 4±2.7 mm, registration time per vertebra was 2:25 min (00:56 to 10:00 min), navigation time per screw was 1:07 min (00:15 to 12:43 min) rod bending time per rod was 4:22 min (02:07 to 10:39 min), operator's satisfaction with AR based screw and rod navigation was 5.38±0.67 (1 to 6, 6 being the best rate). Comparison of surgeons and laymen revealed significant difference in navigation time (1:01 min; 00:15 to 3:00 min vs. 01:37 min; 00:23 to 12:43 min;
conclusionsDirect AR based screw and rod navigation using a surface digitization registration technique is reliable and independent of surgical experience. The accuracy of pedicle screw insertion in the lumbar spine is comparable with the current standard techniques.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.