Trial reportNeural plasticity2022
Temporal Interference (TI) Stimulation Boosts Functional Connectivity in Human Motor Cortex: A Comparison Study with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS).
Trial report in Neural plasticity, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advances in the application of temporal interference stimulation: a scoping review.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- Temporal Interference Stimulation Boosts Working Memory Performance in the Frontoparietal Network.Human brain mapping · 2025Trial
- Repetitive temporal interference stimulation improves jump performance but not the postural stability in young healthy males: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2024Trial
- Direction-Dependent Effects of White-Matter Conductivity Anisotropy on Modulation Depth and Spatial Extent in Transcranial Interference Stimulation: A Simulation Study.Brain topography · 2026Article
- Suppression of visceral nociception by C-fiber transmission block using temporal interference sinusoidal stimulation.Pain reports · 2026Article
- Precision non-invasive transcranial electromagnetic stimulation: a thematic review of optimizing spatial, temporal, and dose dimensions.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Review
- Temporal interference stimulation for deep brain neuromodulation in humans.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Review
- Mapping the Global Trajectory and Key Trends of Temporal Interference Stimulation.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Mapping and modulating brain dynamics in aging and neurodegeneration with electroencephalography and integrated neurotechnologies in primates.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Article
- Distinctive roles of left and right entorhinal cortex in path integration via a non-invasive stimulation study.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Human Applications of Transcranial Temporal Interference Stimulation: A Systematic Review.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Non-invasive Modulation of Deep Brain Nuclei by Temporal Interference Stimulation.Neuroscience bulletin · 2025Article
- Article
- 20 Hz temporal interference stimulation can more effectively enhance motor evoked potentials in the primary motor cortex.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Article
- Beyond the surface: a review of transcranial temporal interference stimulation for deep brain modulation.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Review
- Cell-specific effects of temporal interference stimulation on cortical function.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Pilot study of using transcranial temporal interfering theta-burst stimulation for modulating motor excitability in rat.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2024Article
- Noninvasive Deep Brain Stimulation via Temporal Interference Electric Fields Enhanced Motor Performance of Mice and Its Neuroplasticity Mechanisms.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- Syncing the brain's networks: dynamic functional connectivity shifts from temporal interference.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Temporal interference (TI) could stimulate deep motor cortex and induce movement without affecting the overlying cortex in previous mouse studies. However, there is still lack of evidence on potential TI effects in human studies. To fill this gap, we collected resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data on 40 healthy young participants both before and during TI stimulation on the left primary motor cortex (M1). We also chose a widely used simulation approach (tDCS) as a baseline condition. In the stimulation session, participants were randomly allocated to 2 mA TI or tDCS for 20 minutes. We used a seed-based whole brain correlation analysis method to quantify the strength of functional connectivity among different brain regions. Our results showed that both TI and tDCS significantly boosted functional connection strength between M1 and secondary motor cortex (premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex). This is the first time to demonstrate substantial stimulation effect of TI in the human brain.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.