ArticleScientific reports2022
Cytokine changes in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma after emergency orthopaedic surgery.
Article in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dynamic Cytokine Relationships Across the Blood-Brain Barrier in Humans and Nonhuman Primates-Implications for Psychiatric Illness: A Systematic Review.Biological psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- CSF neurofilament light chain concentration in patients with delirium following hip fracture: a multicenter prospective study.BMC geriatrics · 2026Observational
- Towards continuous brain monitoring: a pilot qualitative study of user experiences with in-ear EEG.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Article
- Perioperative neurocognitive disorders: Advances in molecular mechanisms and bioactive molecules.Ageing research reviews · 2025Review
- Injured bone-triggered osteokines secretion promotes diabetic wound healing.Bone research · 2025Article
- Surgery May Be a Major Contributor for Postoperative Delirium in Patients With Elective Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Procedures.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Observational
- Pain and Sleep Biomarkers in Participants Undergoing Orthopedic Surgeries.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Observational
- Nicotinamide Prevents the Plasticity Impairments and the Cognitive Dysfunction Caused by Bone Fracture in Older Mice.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2025Article
- Chemokine associations with blood cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier permeability and delirium.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2025Article
- Fully Automated and AI-Assisted Optical Fiber Sensing System for Multiplexed and Continuous Brain Monitoring.ACS sensors · 2024Article
- The role of cytokines in acute and chronic postsurgical pain after major musculoskeletal surgeries in a quaternary pediatric center.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024Observational
- The Role of Cytokines in Acute and Chronic Postsurgical Pain in Pediatric Patients after Major Musculoskeletal Surgeries.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Impaired glucose utilization in the brain of patients with delirium following hip fracture.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Comparative Analysis of Cytokine Profiles in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood Serum in Patients with Acute and Subacute Spinal Cord Injury.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Central and Peripheral Inflammation in Mild Cognitive Impairment in the Context of Alzheimer's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- The Importance of Cerebrospinal Fluid Investigation in First-episode Psychosis.The Yale journal of biology and medicine · 2023Review
- Cytokine changes in cerebrospinal fluid following vascular surgery on the thoracic aorta.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Mitigation of perioperative neurocognitive disorders: A holistic approach.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2022Review
- Putative Involvement of Cytokine Modulation in the Development of Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders.International journal of general medicine · 2022Review
- Pro Inflammatory Cytokines Profiles of Patients With Long COVID Differ Between Variant Epochs.Journal of primary care & community healthArticle
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Neuroinflammation after surgery and its contribution to peri-operative neurocognitive disorders (PND) is not well understood. Studying the association between central and peripheral cytokines and neuroinflammation is a prelude to the development of treatments for PND. Here, we investigate the hypotheses that there is a greater cytokine response in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) than plasma after orthopaedic surgery, and that plasma cytokine levels are directly related to CSF cytokine levels, indicating that plasma cytokine levels may have potential as biomarkers of neuroinflammation. Patients admitted with a fractured neck of femur were invited to participate in this study. Participants had a spinal catheter inserted just prior to induction of anaesthesia. Samples of blood and CSF were taken before, immediately after, and on the first day following emergency surgery. The catheter was then removed. Samples were analysed for the presence of ten cytokines by immunoassay. A spinal catheter was successfully inserted in 11 participants during the 18-month study period. Five plasma cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70 and IL-13) rose significantly following surgery, whereas all ten CSF cytokines rose significantly (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IFN-γ and TNF-α) (adjusted-p < 0.05). Central (CSF) cytokine levels were consistently higher than their peripheral (plasma) counterparts after surgery, with some patients having a particularly marked neuroinflammatory response. The greatest increases occurred in IL-8 in CSF and IL-6 in plasma. There were significant, strong positive correlations between several of the measured cytokines in the CSF after surgery, but far fewer in plasma. There was no significant correlation between cytokine levels in the plasma and CSF at each of the three time points. To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyse paired samples of plasma and CSF for cytokine levels before and after emergency orthopaedic surgery. This study demonstrates that following surgery for a fractured neck of femur, there is a far greater rise in cytokines in the CSF compared to plasma. The lack of correlation between peripheral and central cytokines suggests measurement of peripheral cytokines are not necessarily related to which patients may have a large neuroinflammatory response.
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