ArticleCell reports2022
Follicular T cells optimize the germinal center response to SARS-CoV-2 protein vaccination in mice.
Article in Cell reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human memory T cell dynamics after aluminum-adjuvanted inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- Targeting T follicular helper cells for lifelong health.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- CAR19 Tregs treat murine chronic graft-versus-host disease through immune suppression without measurable B cell cytolysis.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Stability and progressive differentiation of TNature immunology · 2026Article
- The role and mechanisms of multiple immunoregulatory cells in pulmonary tuberculosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Dynamics of Circulating Follicular Helper and Regulatory T-Cell Memory Induced by mRNA, Inactivated, and Live-Attenuated Vaccines.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- Adjuvant-dependent protection of SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccines: comparative immunogenicity of human-applicable formulations.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Human precursor T follicular regulatory cells are primed for differentiation into mature Tfr and disrupted during severe infections.Science advances · 2025Article
- The inflammaging microenvironment induces dysfunctional rewiring of Tfh cell differentiation.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Follicular regulatory T cells restrain kidney allograft rejection in mice by suppressing alloreactive B cells.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Progressively differentiated TNature immunology · 2025Article
- A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine on an NIR-II/SWIR emitting nanoparticle platform.Science advances · 2025Article
- Regulatory T cell epitope content in human antibodies decreases during maturation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- T-follicular regulatory cells expand to control germinal center plasma cell output but fail to curb autoreactivity.iScience · 2024Article
- Generation of antigen-specific memory CD4 T cells by heterologous immunization enhances the magnitude of the germinal center response upon influenza infection.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
- T cell help shapes B cell tolerance.Science immunology · 2024Article
- Targeted checkpoint control of B cells undergoing positive selection in germinal centers by follicular regulatory T cells.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Heterologous booster vaccination enhances antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 by improving Tfh function and increasing B-cell clonotype SHM frequency.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Stepwise differentiation of follicular helper T cells reveals distinct developmental and functional states.Nature communications · 2023Article
- IL-21-producing effector Tfh cells promote B cell alloimmunity in lymph nodes and kidney allografts.JCI insight · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells promote, whereas follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells restrain, germinal center (GC) reactions. However, the precise roles of these cells in the complex GC reaction remain poorly understood. Here, we perturb Tfh or Tfr cells after SARS-CoV-2 spike protein vaccination in mice. We find that Tfh cells promote the frequency and somatic hypermutation (SHM) of Spike-specific GC B cells and regulate clonal diversity. Tfr cells similarly control SHM and clonal diversity in the GC but do so by limiting clonal competition. In addition, deletion of Tfh or Tfr cells during primary vaccination results in changes in SHM after vaccine boosting. Aged mice, which have altered Tfh and Tfr cells, have lower GC responses, presenting a bimodal distribution of SHM. Together, these data demonstrate that GC responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein vaccines require a fine balance of positive and negative follicular T cell help to optimize humoral immunity.
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