ArticleThe journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences2022
Race Inequity in School Attendance Across the Jim Crow South and Its Implications for Black-White Disparities in Trajectories of Cognitive Function Among Older Adults.
Article in The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- The long-term impact of racial and ethnic school composition on late-life cognition, depressive symptoms, and overall health among older US Latinos.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- How Childhood State Education Quality Shapes the Risk of Cognitive Impairment in Mid-to-Later Life.Alzheimer's & dementia. Behavior & socioeconomics of aging · 2026Article
- Evaluating administrative measures of school quality as mediators of the relationship between attending a segregated school and cognitive function among older Black individuals: the STAR study.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Observational
- High School Curricular Rigor and Cognitive Function among White Older Adults.Journal of health and social behavior · 2025Article
- APOE genotype and cognitive decline: educational context as a moderator of genetic risk.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
- Historical state-level data on U.S. public school systems from 1919/20 to 1973/74.Scientific data · 2025Article
- Cohort Differences in Perceived Discrimination Trajectories among Aging Black Americans.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2025Article
- Exposure to School Racial Segregation and Late-Life Cognitive Outcomes.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- School-based racial segregation, social support, and late-life cognitive function in the Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans (STAR).Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- State-Level Education Quality and Trajectories of Cognitive Function by Race and Educational Attainment.The Milbank quarterly · 2024Article
- Intersectional Inequalities in the Transition to Grandparenthood and Cognitive Functioning: A Longitudinal Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2024Article
- Does Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status Alter Memory Change Associated with a Cancer Diagnosis? Preliminary Evidence from the US Health and Retirement Study.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2024Article
- Race, community disadvantage, and cognitive decline: Findings from KHANDLE and STAR.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Racial Disparities in Occupational Distribution Among Black and White Adults with Similar Educational Levels: Analysis of Middle-Aged and Older Individuals in the Health and Retirement Study.Journal of rehabilitation therapy · 2024Article
- Race, gender, and cohort differences in the educational experiences of Black and White Americans.Population research and policy review · 2023Article
- State-level desegregation in the U.S. South and mid-life cognitive function among Black and White adults.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2023Article
- Birth in the U.S. Plantation South and Racial Differences in all-cause mortality in later life.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2023Article
- Impact of educational attainment on time to cognitive decline among marginalized older adults: Cohort study of 20,311 adults.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2023Article
- Institutional Racism and Health: a Framework for Conceptualization, Measurement, and Analysis.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesAlthough education is a key determinant of cognitive function, its role in determining Black-White disparities in cognitive function is unclear. This may be due, in part, to data limitations that have made it difficult to account for systemic educational inequities in the Jim Crow South experienced by older cohorts, including differences in the number of days Black students attended school compared to their White counterparts or Black peers in better-funded southern states. We determine if accounting for differential rates of school attendance across race, years, and states in the Jim Crow South better illuminates Black-White disparities in trajectories of cognitive function.
methodsWe linked historical state-level data on school attendance from the 1919/1920 to 1953/1954 Biennial Surveys of Education to the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative, longitudinal study of U.S. adults older than age 50. We restricted our sample to Black and White older adults who attended school in the Jim Crow South and began primary school in/after 1919/1920 and completed primary/secondary school by 1953/1954 (n = 4,343). We used linear mixed models to estimate trajectories of total cognitive function, episodic memory, and working memory.
resultsSelf-reported years of schooling explained 28%-33% of the Black-White disparity in level of cognitive function, episodic memory, and working memory. Duration of school, a measure that accounted for differential rates of school attendance, explained 41%-55% of the Black-White disparity in these outcomes. DISCUSSION: Our study highlights the importance of using a more refined measure of schooling for understanding the education-cognitive health relationship.
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