ArticleInfection2022
Sex differences in COVID-19 mortality in the Netherlands.
Article in Infection, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex differences in dengue-related neurological complications: insights from the 2023 Taiwan outbreak.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Dissecting Sex-Specific Pathology in K18-hACE2 Transgenic Mice Infected With Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants.Journal of medical virology · 2025Article
- Cost-effectiveness of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in COVID-19 patient groups at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19 in the Netherlands.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2025Article
- Article
- Exploring the intersection of obesity and gender in COVID-19 outcomes in hospitalized Mexican patients: a comparative analysis of risk profiles using unsupervised machine learning.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Sex differences in COVID-19 mortality: A large US-based cohort study (2020-2022).AIMS public health · 2024Article
- Viral and immunologic evaluation of smokers with severe COVID-19.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The daily updated Dutch national database on COVID-19 epidemiology, vaccination and sewage surveillance.Scientific data · 2023Article
- Mortality rates of severe COVID-19-related respiratory failure with and without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the Middle Ruhr Region of Germany.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The Influence of Sex on Characteristics and Outcomes of Coronavirus-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Role of Sex and Age in Fatal Outcomes of COVID-19: Women and Older Centenarians Are More Resilient.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Article
- Different cytokine and chemokine profiles in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 during the first and second outbreaks from Argentina show no association with clinical comorbidities.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Identity and COVID-19 in Canada: Gender, ethnicity, and minority status.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Infection in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in Bulgaria: Risk Factors for Death and Acute Kidney Injury.Journal of personalized medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionSince the first reports of COVID-19 cases, sex-discrepancies have been reported in COVID-19 mortality. We provide a detailed description of these sex differences in relation to age and comorbidities among notified cases as well as in relation to age and sex-specific mortality in the general Dutch population.
methodsData on COVID-19 cases and mortality until May 31st 2020 was extracted from the national surveillance database with exclusion of healthcare workers. Association between sex and case fatality was analyzed with multivariable logistic regression. Subsequently, male-female ratio in standardized mortality ratios and population mortality rates relative to all-cause and infectious disease-specific mortality were computed stratified by age.
resultsMale-female odds ratio for case fatality was 1.33 [95% CI 1.26-1.41] and among hospitalized cases 1.27 [95% CI 1.16-1.40]. This remained significant after adjustment for age and comorbidities. The male-female ratio of the standardized mortality ratio was 1.70 [95%CI 1.62-1.78]. The population mortality rate for COVID-19 was 35.1 per 100.000, with a male-female rate ratio of 1.25 (95% CI 1.18-1.31) which was higher than in all-cause population mortality and infectious disease mortality.
conclusionOur study confirms male sex is a predisposing factor for severe outcomes of COVID-19, independent of age and comorbidities. In addition to general male-female-differences, COVID-19 specific mechanisms likely contribute to this mortality discrepancy.
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