ArticleSocial psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology2022
Ethnoracial inequities in access to gender-affirming mental health care and psychological distress among transgender adults.
Article in Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sociodemographic reporting and sample composition over 3 decades of psychopathology research: A systematic review and quantitative synthesis.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2024Pooled it
- A scoping review of models to identify transgender patients in electronic health records.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2026Article
- Centering transgender and gender nonconforming people of color in the study of minority stress, transition-related factors, and mental health.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Perceived access to gender-affirming care, completion of gender-affirming medical interventions, and psychological distress among transgender women of color: the TURNNT cohort study.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Observational
- Identifying Intersecting Factors Associated With Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Adults: Preliminary Conditional Inference Tree Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Healthcare Mistreatment is Associated With Psychological Distress, Suicidality, and Substance Use Among Transgender and Nonbinary Emerging Adults.Emerging adulthood (Print) · 2025Article
- Factors Associated with Completeness of Sex and Gender Fields in Electronic Health Records.LGBT health · 2025Observational
- Systemic transphobia and ongoing barriers to healthcare for transgender and nonbinary people: A historical analysis of #TransHealthFail.PLOS digital health · 2025Article
- Disparities in depression and anxiety at the intersection of race and gender identity in a large community health sample.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Understanding harms associated with gender identity conversion efforts among transgender and nonbinary individuals: The role of preexisting mental well-being.International journal of transgender health · 2025Article
- A Critical Scoping Review of Mental Health and Wellbeing Research with Multiracial Subsamples 2012-2022.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- "You Always Worry About What Other People Think": Experiences of Antitrans Stigma Among Trans Youth and Their Siblings in the Northeastern United States.Stigma and health · 2024Article
- Racial/ethnic differences in the association between transgender-related U.S. state policies and self-rated health of transgender women.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Mental health of gender minority older adults in the United States: A systematic review.Psychology of sexual orientation and gender diversity · 2024Article
- Required Mental Health Evaluation Before Initiating Gender-Affirming Hormones: Trans and Nonbinary Perspectives.Transgender health · 2024Article
- Article
- Randomized-controlled trials are methodologically inappropriate in adolescent transgender healthcare.International journal of transgender health · 2024Review
- Navigating access to medical gender affirmation in Tasmania, Australia: an exploratory study.International journal of transgender health · 2024Article
- Article
- Mapping Community-Engaged Implementation Strategies with Transgender Scientists, Stakeholders, and Trans-Led Community Organizations.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTransgender people face known barriers to accessing mental health care generally, and gender-affirming care in particular. However, little research has been done to evaluate the impact of systemic racism on access to gender-affirming mental health care (GAMHC) among transgender people of color (TPOC).
methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, secondary analysis of data on 20,967 respondents to the 2015 United States Transgender Survey who reported a desire for GAMHC services related to their gender transition. We estimated inequities across ethnoracial groups in access to GAMHC, and measured the association between severe psychological distress and access to GAMHC among TPOC.
resultsWe found decreased access to GAMHC across all TPOC groups. Inequities in access to GAMHC were most severe among assigned male at birth respondents in the Black/African-American group (aOR 0.51, 95% CI 0.37-0.71), Latino/a/e/Hispanic group (aOR 0.52, 95% CI 0.42-0.65), and Native American group (aOR 0.59, 95% CI 0.38-0.94). Among all respondents, severe psychological distress was highest among Native American respondents (47.4%), Latino/a/e/Hispanic (47.1%) respondents, and other/multiracial respondents (46.7%) and lowest among whites (39.9%). Further, among all TPOC, access to GAMHC was associated with decreased odds of severe psychological distress (aOR 0.74, 95% CI 0.62-0.87).
conclusionThese results illustrate the need for research that explicitly addresses the intersectional experiences of transgender communities, and the structural drivers of inequities in access to gender-affirming care.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.