ArticleInternational journal of sports physical therapy2022
Normalized Isometric Shoulder Strength as a Predictor of Ball Velocity in Youth Baseball Players.
Article in International journal of sports physical therapy, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Relationship Between Relative Humeral Retrotorsion Difference and Shoulder Strength Measures in Collegiate Baseball Athletes.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2026Article
- Strength Testing in the High School-Aged Baseball Athlete: Reliability, Percentage Ratios, and Pain with Throwing.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2026Article
- Early Rate of Force Development and Maximal Strength at Different Positions of the Athletic Shoulder Test in Baseball Players.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Development of a breast reconstruction-specific computational model to predict shoulder function in breast cancer survivors.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2025Article
- Postoperative Rehabilitation Following Subscapularis Repair and Biceps Tenodesis in an Adolescent Overhead Athlete: A Resident's Case Report.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2025Article
- Changes in Normalized Shoulder Strength and Self-Perceived Function in Healthy Division One Baseball Players Over the Course of a Competitive Season.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2025Article
- Examining Changes in Shoulder Strength, Lower Body Power, and Body Composition among Collegiate Baseball Players after Completion of a Summer Baseball League Season.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2024Article
- Dominant Arm Internal and External Rotation Strength is Related to Arm Pain in Youth Baseball Players.International journal of sports physical therapy · 2024Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundDespite increased awareness of factors related to athletic performance and injury prevention, youth and adolescent baseball players continue to report injuries at alarming rates. Upper extremity muscle strength is an integral part of physical assessment and injury prevention in baseball players, however minimal data exists in youth populations. Changes in anthropometric measures, inherent in physically developing athletes, have been shown to impact strength measures, however normalization methodology is rarely reported. PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to 1) compare the measurement properties of five potential methods for normalizing isometric shoulder strength in a cohort of 9-12 year old male baseball players and 2) examine the relationship between normalized isometric shoulder strength and ball velocity in a cohort of 9-12 year old male baseball players. STUDY
designProspective cohort study (n=159).
methodsBaseline and follow up height, weight and bilateral ulnar length measurements were assessed followed by isometric strength in both the dominant and non-dominant shoulders. Strength measures included scapular plane abduction (scaption), external rotation (ER) at 0°, ER and internal rotation (IR) at 90°. Ball velocity was assessed as a measure of throwing performance. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,1), standard errors of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable change (MDC95) were calculated for all strength measures. Repeated measures ANOVA were conducted comparing changes in normalized strength using five separate anthropometric measures: weight, height, body mass index, ulnar length and % of non-dominant shoulder strength. Linear regression models were used to examine the relationships between normalized isometric shoulder strength and ball velocity. Statistical significance was set a priori at α=0.05.
resultsShoulder strength normalized using ulnar length was the only method that demonstrated excellent reliability (ICC2,1 0.98-0.99) and detected significant changes between strength in each of the four measures tested (SEM 0.39-0.69 Nm). Modest but significant correlations were observed between scaption and ball velocity (r2 = 0.27, p < 0.001) and ER at 0° and ball velocity (r2 = 0.23, p < 0.001).
conclusionUlnar length was the most stable and reliable normalization method for assessing isometric shoulder strength in youth baseball players. In addition, normalized scaption strength was the most significant predictor of ball velocity, followed by ER at 0° strength in this population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 2b (etiology).
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