ArticleMolecular cell2022
Cleavage of viral DNA by restriction endonucleases stimulates the type II CRISPR-Cas immune response.
Article in Molecular cell, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 65 citations in OpenAlex.
- Turning a phage anti-defense weapon into an immunity trigger.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Phage host range: determinants, dynamics and applications.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Review
- Semirandom DNA adducts regulate a filamentous defense-associated reverse transcriptase.Nature structural & molecular biology · 2026Article
- Antiphage defence systems Druantia III and Zorya II synergise via shared DNA intermediates in a phage-specific manner.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Phage induction of Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity islands promotes the CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune response.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Bacteriophages mobilize bacterial defense systems via lateral transduction.Science advances · 2026Article
- Co-occurrence of diverse defense systems shapes complex microbe-virus relationships in deep-sea cold seeps.Nature communications · 2026Article
- More Is Not Always Better: Co-Occurrence Analysis of Anti-Phage Systems Reveals Prevalent Neutral Interactions inMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Bacterial immune systems as causes and consequences of microbiome structure.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Bacterial TIR-based immune systems sense phage capsids to initiate defense.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Systematic functional assessment of anti-phage systems in their native host.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2025Article
- Quorum Sensing Inhibits Type III-A CRISPR-Cas System Activity Through Repressing Positive Regulators SarA and ArcR in Staphylococcus Aureus.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Deep mutational scanning identifies Cas1 and Cas2 variants that enhance type II-A CRISPR-Cas spacer acquisition.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Bacteria exploit viral dormancy to establish CRISPR-Cas immunity.Cell host & microbe · 2025Article
- Detection of CRISPR‒Cas and type I R-M systems inMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Nucleic acid recognition during prokaryotic immunity.Molecular cell · 2025Review
- Nonlinear regulatory dynamics of bacterial restriction-modification systems modulates horizontal gene transfer susceptibility.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Cas10 relieves host growth arrest to facilitate spacer retention during type III-A CRISPR-Cas immunity.Cell host & microbe · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Prokaryotic organisms have developed multiple defense systems against phages; however, little is known about whether and how these interact with each other. Here, we studied the connection between two of the most prominent prokaryotic immune systems: restriction-modification and CRISPR. While both systems employ enzymes that cleave a specific DNA sequence of the invader, CRISPR nucleases are programmed with phage-derived spacer sequences, which are integrated into the CRISPR locus upon infection. We found that restriction endonucleases provide a short-term defense, which is rapidly overcome through methylation of the phage genome. In a small fraction of the cells, however, restriction results in the acquisition of spacer sequences from the cleavage site, which mediates a robust type II-A CRISPR-Cas immune response against the methylated phage. This mechanism is reminiscent of eukaryotic immunity in which the innate response offers a first temporary line of defense and also activates a second and more robust adaptive response.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.