Trial reportJournal of general internal medicine2022
Naloxone Co-Dispensing with Opioids: a Cluster Randomized Pragmatic Trial.
Trial report in Journal of general internal medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03337100 (The Impact of Co-Dispensing Naloxone to Patients Prescribed Chronic Opioid Therapy), which is not on this map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Impact of Co-Dispensing Naloxone to Patients Prescribed Chronic Opioid Therapy
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Combatting opioid misuse, overuse and abuse: a systematic review of pharmacists' services and outcomes.Pain management · 2024Pooled it
- The Opioid Safety Toolkit: An interactive prescription opioid safety toolkit to increase opioid safety literacy and behaviours among people prescribed opioids for pain-a randomised controlled trial.Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026Trial
- Strategies to increase attendance in substance use disorder group treatment: results from a randomized controlled trial.Harm reduction journal · 2026Trial
- Effects of Online Naloxone Training for Laypersons: An Extended-Baseline Assessment.Substance use & misuse · 2024Trial
- Variability in medication treatment of opioid use disorder in primary care: Comparison of PROUD trial intervention clinics and other exemplar clinics.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2026Article
- Increasing opportunities for community input in harm reduction program development using iterative engagement.Harm reduction journal · 2025Review
- Price Sensitivity and Information Barriers to the Take-Up of Naloxone.American economic journal. Economic policy · 2024Article
- Perceptions of a naloxone leave behind program among emergency medical services personnel in Michigan, USA.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2024Article
- Effectiveness of direct patient outreach with a narrative naloxone and overdose prevention video to patients prescribed long-term opioid therapy in the USA: the Naloxone Navigator randomised clinical trial.BMJ public health · 2024Article
- Systematic literature review of the impact of psychiatric pharmacists.The mental health clinician · 2024Review
- Article
- Qualitative exploration of public health vending machines in young adults who misuse opioids: A promising strategy to increase naloxone access in a high risk underserved population.Drug and alcohol dependence reports · 2022Article
- A longitudinal study of naloxone opioid overdose awareness and reversal training for first-year medical students: specific elements require reinforcement.Harm reduction journal · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlthough naloxone prevents opioid overdose deaths, few patients prescribed opioids receive naloxone, limiting its effectiveness in real-world settings. Barriers to naloxone prescribing include concerns that naloxone could increase risk behavior and limited time to provide necessary patient education.
objectiveTo determine whether pharmacy-based naloxone co-dispensing affected opioid risk behavior. Secondary objectives were to assess if co-dispensing increased naloxone acquisition, increased patient knowledge about naloxone administration, and affected opioid dose and other substance use.
designCluster randomized pragmatic trial of naloxone co-dispensing.
settingSafety-net health system in Denver, Colorado, between 2017 and 2020.
participantsSeven pharmacies were randomized. Pharmacy patients (N=768) receiving opioids were followed using automated data for 10 months. Pharmacy patients were also invited to complete surveys at baseline, 4 months, and 8 months; 325 survey participants were enrolled from November 15, 2017, to January 8, 2019.
interventionIntervention pharmacies implemented workflows to co-dispense naloxone while usual care pharmacies provided usual services. MAIN MEASURES: Survey instruments assessed opioid risk behavior; hazardous drinking; tobacco, cannabis, and other drug use; and knowledge. Naloxone dispensings and opioid dose were evaluated using pharmacy data among pharmacy patients and survey participants. Intention-to-treat analyses were conducted using generalized linear mixed models accounting for clustering at the pharmacy level. KEY
resultsOpioid risk behavior did not differ by trial group (P=0.52; 8-month vs. baseline adjusted risk ratio [ARR] 1.07; 95% CI 0.78, 1.47). Compared with usual care pharmacies, naloxone dispensings were higher in intervention pharmacies (ARR 3.38; 95% CI 2.21, 5.15) and participant knowledge increased (P=0.02; 8-month vs. baseline adjusted mean difference 1.05; 95% CI 0.06, 2.04). There was no difference in other substance use by the trial group.
conclusionCo-dispensing naloxone with opioids effectively increased naloxone receipt and knowledge but did not increase self-reported risk behavior.
trial registrationRegistered at ClinicalTrials.gov ; Identifier: NCT03337100.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.