ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2022
Middle Eastern and North African Americans may not be perceived, nor perceive themselves, to be White.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pathways Through Early Psychosis Care for U.S. Youths From Ethnically and Racially Minoritized Groups: A Systematic Review.Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.) · 2023Pooled it
- Improving Diversity in a Novel Psoriasis Study: VISIBLE as a Framework for Clinical Trial Quality Improvement.JAMA dermatology · 2025Trial
- Disaggregating Middle Eastern and North African Populations in Mortality Records to Better Understand COVID-19 Inequalities in Virginia.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Characterizing Middle Eastern and North African Patients in US Transplant Data.Transplantation direct · 2026Article
- Race and Ethnicity Data in the Electronic Health Records: New Insights Through Comparison with American Community Survey Microdata.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Health Impacts of Migration and Policy on the Iranian Diaspora.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2026Article
- Trends and Disparities in Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among an Ethno-Racially Diverse Group of Adolescents: 2013-2022.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Hypertension among Middle Eastern and North African adults residing in the United States: addressing equity in health research representation using the All of Us Research Program, 2000-2024.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Decreasing missingness in race and ethnicity data by inclusion of preferred language for mapping to aggregate categories.Health affairs scholar · 2025Article
- School Ethnic Density and Mental Health Problems in Black, Latine, and White Preadolescent Children.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2025Article
- Nonrandom Missingness in Child Race and Ethnicity Records and the US Federal Data Standards: Pooled Analysis of Community-Based Child Health Studies.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Article
- National Estimates for Developmental and Physical Health Among Middle Eastern and North African Children in the United States.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2025Article
- Influenza Vaccine Coverage Lower in Foreign-Born Middle Eastern and North African Children Compared to Other Groups: Results from the 2005-2018 National Health Interview Survey.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Minoritized and Poorly Understood: A Scoping Review of Mental and Physical Health Among Arab Adolescents in Canada and the United States.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Article
- Association Between Sociodemographic Risk Factors and No-Show Propensity in a Glaucoma Population Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic.Journal of glaucoma · 2025Article
- Mental health and care seeking patterns of Middle Eastern and North African immigrant children in the United States.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Article
- Zero-Sum or Coalition? A Dyadic Approach for Testing Discrimination's Impact on Perceptions of Ethnoracial Outgroups.Sociology of race and ethnicity (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2025Article
- Use of Online Tools for Mental Health Among Racially and Ethnically Diverse College Students: Mixed Methods Study.JMIR human factors · 2025Article
- Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias Diagnosis in the United States Among US-Born and Foreign-Born White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian Older Adults.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- The "Other" race category on birth certificates and its impact on analyses of preterm birth inequity.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
People of Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) descent are categorized as non-White in many Western countries but counted as White on the US Census. Yet, it is not clear that MENA people see themselves or are seen by others as White. We examine both sides of this ethnoracial boundary in two experiments. First, we examined how non-MENA White and MENA individuals perceive the racial status of MENA traits (external categorization), and then, how MENA individuals identify themselves (self-identification). We found non-MENA Whites and MENAs consider MENA-related traits-including ancestry, names, and religion-to be MENA rather than White. Furthermore, when given the option, most MENA individuals self-identify as MENA or as MENA and White, particularly second-generation individuals and those who identify as Muslim. In addition, MENAs who perceive more anti-MENA discrimination are more likely to embrace a MENA identity, which suggests that perceived racial hostility may be activating a stronger group identity. Our findings provide evidence about the suitability of adding a separate MENA label to the race/ethnicity identification question in the US Census, and suggest MENAs' official designation as White may not correspond to their lived experiences nor to others' perceptions. As long as MENA Americans remain aggregated with Whites, potential inequalities they face will remain hidden.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.