ArticleBMJ open2022
Inequalities in full vaccination coverage based on maternal education and wealth quintiles among children aged 12-23 months: further analysis of national cross-sectional surveys of six South Asian countries.
Article in BMJ open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Determinants of childhood immunization coverage in Somalia: evidence from the Somalia Demographic and Health Survey 2020.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2026Article
- Zero-Dose Childhood Immunization in Conflict-Affected PSNP Districts of Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study.Gates open research · 2026Article
- Rural Inhabitants' Perception-Induced Immunisation Status: The Case of Yellow Fever Vaccination in the Ashanti Region of Ghana.Rwanda journal of medicine and health sciences · 2025Article
- Trends in vaccination coverage and equity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 2017 to 2023.Vaccine · 2025Article
- The first 1000 days: the price of inequalities in high and middle-income countries.Pediatric research · 2025Review
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- Immunization Coverage and Its Determinants Among Children Aged 12-23 Months in East Africa: A Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling Approach Based on DHS 2019-2022.BioMed research international · 2025Article
- Socio-demographic factors affecting the first and second dose of measles vaccination status among under-five children: Perspectives from South Asian countries.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- Inequality in Childhood Immunization Coverage: A Scoping Review of Data Sources, Analyses, and Reporting Methods.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Equity in vaccine coverage in Uganda from 2000 to 2016: revealing the multifaceted nature of inequity.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Determinants of Full Vaccination Coverage among Children Aged 12-23 Months in Bangladesh: A Comparison between High- and Low-Performing Divisions.International journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
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5 authors.
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Abstract
objectiveThis study was conducted to compare full vaccination coverage and its inequalities (by maternal education and household wealth quintile).
designThis further analysis was based on the data from national-level cross-sectional Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) from six countries in South Asia.
settingWe used most recent DHS data from six South Asian countries: Nepal, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and the Maldives. The sample size of children aged 12-23 months ranged from 6697 in the Maldives to 628 900 in India. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: To measure absolute and relative inequalities of vaccination coverage, we used regression-based inequality measures, slope index of inequality (SII) and the relative index of inequality (RII), respectively, by maternal education and wealth quintile.
resultsFull vaccination coverage was the highest in Bangladesh (84%) and the lowest in Afghanistan (46%), with an average of 61.5% for six countries. Pakistan had the largest inequalities in coverage both by maternal education (SII: -50.0, RII: 0.4) and household wealth quintile (SII: -47.1, RII: 0.5). Absolute inequalities were larger by maternal education compared with wealth quintile in four of the six countries. The relative index of inequality by maternal education was lower in Pakistan (0.5) and Afghanistan (0.5) compared with Nepal (0.7), India (0.7) and Bangladesh (0.7) compared with rest of the countries. By wealth quintiles, RII was lower in Pakistan (0.5) and Afghanistan (0.6) and higher in Nepal (0.9) and Maldives (0.9).
conclusionsThe full vaccination coverage in 12-23 months old children was below 85% in all six countries. Inequalities by maternal education were more profound than household wealth-based inequalities in four of six countries studied, supporting the benefits of maternal education to improve child health outcome.
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