ReviewWomen's midlife health2022
Disparities in Reproductive Aging and Midlife Health between Black and White women: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN).
Review in Women's midlife health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 47 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Factors Associated With Menopause Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2026Pooled it
- FIGO best practice recommendations for the mental health of women at menopausal age.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Guideline
- Experience of menopause across ethnic groups: mapping the evidence through a scoping review.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2025Pooled it
- Association of Vaginal Estradiol Tablet With Serum Estrogen Levels in Women Who Are Postmenopausal: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2022Trial
- Engineering neurovascular thrombosis: Light-based bioprinting for patient-specific modeling and women's cerebrovascular health.Science advances · 2026Review
- Sleep Disruption in the Menopausal Transition and Postmenopause: A Narrative Review.Obstetrics and gynecology · 2026Article
- Australian trans and gender diverse people's understandings of menopause: beyond cisgenderism, heterosexism, and binary-based gender in the current 'menopause moment'.Health promotion international · 2026Article
- Menopause and neurological disorders: a roadmap for research.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Menopause experience among people with criminal legal system involvement.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Insurance Type and Menopausal Hormone Therapy Use Among US Women.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Co-expressed MicroRNAs Associated with An Elevated Psychometabolic Risk Phenotype in Women during Midlife.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Co-expressed microRNAs associated with elevated psychometabolic risk phenotype in women during midlife.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- A survey to understand the experience, perceptions, and stigma around menopause among African American women.Preventive medicine reports · 2026Article
- The hidden toll: Atrophy of key central nervous system relays in African American women with multiple sclerosis.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2025Article
- A Qualitative Exploration of the Lived Experience of Menopause Among Black Women in the United Kingdom.Public health challenges · 2025Article
- Health Disparities and Hormone Therapy Prescribing for Early, Peri-, and Postmenopausal Women: A Scoping Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Smoking Cessation in Black Adults: Differences by Sex and Age.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Maintaining Balance: Examining Mental Wellness in Black Women During the Menopausal Transition.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Experiences of hot flashes, urinary incontinence and mood among South Asian American women: the MASALA study.Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society · 2025Observational
- From discovery to debate: The history of menopausal hormone therapy and its impact on cardiovascular health.Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
This paper reviews differences in the experience of the menopause transition and midlife health outcomes between Black and White women who participated in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), a 25-year, longitudinal, multi-racial/ethnic cohort study. We identify health disparities, i.e., instances in which Black women's outcomes are less favorable than those of White women, and consider whether structural racism may underlie these disparities. Although SWAN did not explicitly assess structural racism, Black women in SWAN grew up during the Jim Crow era in the United States, during which time racism was legally sanctioned. We consider how we might gain insight into structural racism by examining proxy exposures such as socioeconomic characteristics, reports of everyday discrimination, and a range of life stressors, which likely reflect the longstanding, pervasive and persistent inequities that have roots in systemic racism in the US. Thus, this paper reviews the presence, magnitude, and longitudinal patterns of racial disparities observed in SWAN in six areas of women's health - menopause symptoms, sleep, mental health, health related quality of life, cardio-metabolic health, and physical function -and elucidates the contextual factors that are likely influencing these disparities. We review the strengths and weaknesses of SWAN's design and approach to analysis of racial disparities and use this as a springboard to offer recommendations for future cohort studies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.