ArticleReproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E2022
Pregnancy, perinatal and childhood outcomes in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome and metformin during pregnancy: a nationwide population-based study.
Article in Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Machine learning and deep learning for diagnosis of Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- Intrauterine metformin exposure and adiposity outcomes in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Metformin use in gestational diabetes mellitus and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis on the risk of small for gestational age.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update.Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists · 2022Guideline
- Trial
- Maternal polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in preterm neonates.Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism · 2026Article
- Role of Metformin in Preeclampsia: A Systematic Review.Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of India · 2025Review
- Long-term effects of metformin on offspring health: A review of current evidence and future directions.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Review
- Prenatal and Early Childhood Exposure to Proton Pump Inhibitors and Antibiotics and the Risk of Childhood Cancer: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.Drug safety · 2025Article
- Polycystic ovary syndrome and gestational diabetes mellitus association to pregnancy outcomes: A national register-based cohort study.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2025Article
- Gestational diabetes mellitus and polycystic ovary syndrome, a position statement from EGOI-PCOS.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
- Growth Restriction in the Offspring of Mothers With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Anthropometrics of neonates born to mothers with PCOS with metformin or placebo exposure in utero.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2024Article
- The metabolic response of human trophoblasts derived from term placentas to metformin.Diabetologia · 2023Article
- Position paper of the Italian Association of Medical Diabetologists (AMD), Italian Society of Diabetology (SID), and the Italian Study Group of Diabetes in pregnancy: Metformin use in pregnancy.Acta diabetologica · 2023Review
- Metformin in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: To Use or Not to Use, That Is the Question.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Article
- Metformin effect on internal carotid artery blood flow assessed by area under the curve of carotid artery Doppler in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome.World journal of clinical cases · 2023Article
- Association of adverse pregnancy outcomes and multiple gestation with natural menopause: A population-based cohort study.Maturitas · 2023Article
- Association between preconception anti-androgen therapy and pregnancy outcomes of patients with PCOS: A prospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPolycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that affects women in reproductive age and represents an unfavourable risk factor for several pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Despite, no guidelines or pharmaceutical strategies for treating PCOS during pregnancy are available. The aim of this study is to determine the association between polycystic ovary syndrome with or without metformin and the pregnancy, perinatal outcomes as well as the risk of obesity in children born to these mothers.
methodsIn this nationwide population-based cohort study based in Swedish population, all singleton births (n = 1,016,805) from 686,847 women since 2006 up to 2016 were included. Multivariable logistic and Cox regression modelling with odds ratios (OR) and hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals were used to study the association between the exposure of maternal PCOS, metformin during pregnancy (or the combination of both) and: 1) Pregnancy outcomes: preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, caesarean section, and acute caesarean section, 2) Perinatal outcomes: preterm birth, stillbirth, low birth weight, macrosomia, Apgar < 7 at 5 min, small for gestational age and large for gestational age, and 3) Childhood Obesity.
resultsPCOS in women without metformin use during pregnancy was associated with higher risks of preeclampsia (OR = 1.09, 1.02-1.17), gestational diabetes (OR = 1.71, 1.53-1.91) and caesarean section (OR = 1.08, 1.04-1.12), preterm birth (OR = 1.30, 1.23-1.38), low birth weight (OR = 1.29, 1.20-1.38), low Apgar scores (OR = 1.17, 1.05-1.31) and large for gestational age (OR = 1.11, 1.03-1.20). Metformin use during pregnancy (in women without PCOS) was associated with a 29% lower risks of preeclampsia (OR = 0.71, 0.51-0.97), macrosomia and large for gestational age. Obesity was more common among children born to mothers with PCOS without metformin (HR = 1.61, 1.44-1.81); and those with metformin without PCOS (HR = 1.67, 1.05-2.65). PCOS with metformin was not associated with any adverse outcome.
conclusionPCOS was associated with increased risks of adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes and childhood obesity. Metformin appears to reduce these risks in mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome and their children; but may increase the risk of childhood-obesity in children form women without PCOS.
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