ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2022
Mild-to-severe traumatic brain injury in children: altered cytokines reflect severity.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Acute Fluid Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Prognosis in Children with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review.Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2024Pooled it
- Inflammatory blood-based biomarkers to aid in the assessment and prognostication of traumatic brain injury: a TRACK-TBI study.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Inflammatory-neurodegenerative crosstalk in pediatric severe traumatic brain injury: a multi-domain plasma proteomic study.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- The Role of Cytokines in Traumatic Brain Injury.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Astrocyte Enrichment of 3D Cortical Constructs Enhances Brain Repair.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- The kynurenine pathway in pediatric "mild-to-moderate" traumatic brain injury: translational insights from a prospective human study and a large-animal model.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Article
- Acute interleukin-10 predicts persistent post-concussion symptoms in children with mild traumatic brain injury: exploratory findings from the t-BIOMAP study.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Article
- The Role of Interleukins in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Synthesis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Article
- Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pathological tau phosphorylation in traumatic brain injury: implications for chronic traumatic encephalopathy.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2025Review
- Bibliometric analysis and visualization of lipid droplets in the central nervous system: research hotspots and Frontiers (2000-2024).Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2025Article
- Predicting Sleeping Disorders After mTBI: A Role for Inflammation and Brain Network Biomarkers.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- Pediatric Posttraumatic Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis: Successful Resolution With Rivaroxaban.Case reports in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Article
- Plasma profiles of inflammatory cytokines in children with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: a prospective cohort study.European journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- The contribution of the meningeal immune interface to neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
- [Expression and significance of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B19kDa-interacting protein 3 in children with traumatic brain injury].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2024Article
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Inflammatory Biomarkers in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.Biomedicines · 2024Review
- Neuroinflammation Profiling of Brain Cytokines Following Repeated Blast Exposure.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundPaediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) is recognised to have significant longer-term neurocognitive effects. Childhood is a time of high risk for head injury. Functional recovery is variable with a combination of any or all of physical, cognitive and emotional impairment. Immune activation and alteration in cytokine levels are present following TBI which may differ from adults.
methodsPro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines including Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α and Interferon (IFN)-γ were examined at baseline and following in vitro treatment with endotoxin of whole blood, in the following children: severe TBI (sTBI: initial Glasgow coma scale(GCS) ≤ 8), mild TBI (mTBI; GCS 14/15) at 0-4d and at 10-14d post-TBI and compared to healthy age-matched controls.
resultsThe study enrolled 208 children, including 110 with TBI cohort (n = 104 mild; 6 severe) and controls (n = 98). At baseline all children with TBI had increased IL-6. The mTBI group had significantly increased IFN-γ versus controls. In sTBI at baseline, IFN-γ was decreased compared to controls. At baseline IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A, and TNF-α were decreased in mTBI compared to controls. This persisted at 2 week post-mTBI. The AUC for detecting mTBI was 0.801 CI (0.73-086) using IL6/IL10 ratio. mTBI showed a greater fold change in IL-8 and TNF-α in response to endotoxin stimulation, a response that persisted at 2 weeks. Children with sTBI did not have a significant IL-6 response to endotoxin, but did show an increase in IL-17A.
conclusionChildren with all TBI including mTBI show altered cytokine profiles and altered endotoxin responses. Although cytokines increased in sTBI especially in response to endotoxin, suppressed responses were found in mTBI coupled with persistent immune dysfunction post-injury.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.