Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35130061›Full record

ArticleHealth affairs (Project Hope)2022

Structural Racism And Black Women's Employment In The US Health Care Sector.

Janette Dill, Mignon Duffy

Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Health affairs (Project Hope), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
29citing papers in PubMed
19.9field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

29 citing papers in PubMed, 73 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
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  8. The dementia care workforce: Essential to care but large research gaps exist.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025
    Review
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  10. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2025
    Review
  11. Caring During COVID-19: A Study of Intersectionality and Inequities in the Care Economy in 16 Countries.International journal of social determinants of health and health services · 2025
    Article
  12. Article
  13. Diagnosis and management of early pregnancy loss.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2024
    Review
  14. Article
  15. The working life expectancy of American adults experiencing depression.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2024
    Article
  16. Article
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  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Janette DillJanette Dill (dill0221@umn.edu), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Mignon DuffyMignon Duffy, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts.
University of Massachusetts Lowell · USUniversity of Minnesota System · US

Funding

Life Course Center Program Development CoreP30AG066613 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI Sarah M Flood · 2020 to 2026
$5.0M
Minnesota Population Center Science and Technical CoreP2CHD041023 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI THERESA LOUISE OSYPUK · 2016 to 2026
$4.3M
NIA NIH HHS P30 AG066613NICHD NIH HHS P2C HD041023
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The objective of this study was to describe how structural racism and sexism shape the employment trajectories of Black women in the US health care system. Using data from the American Community Survey, we found that Black women are more overrepresented than any other demographic group in health care and are heavily concentrated in some of its lowest-wage and most hazardous jobs. More than one in five Black women in the labor force (23 percent) are employed in the health care sector, and among this group, Black women have the highest probability of working in the long-term-care sector (37 percent) and in licensed practical nurse or aide occupations (42 percent). Our findings link Black women's position in the labor force to the historical legacies of sexism and racism, dating back to the division of care work in slavery and domestic service. Our policy recommendations include raising wages across the low-wage end of the sector, providing accessible career ladders to allow workers in low-wage health care to advance, and addressing racism in the pipeline of health care professions.

Indexed as

Health Care SectorRacismDeveloping CountriesEmploymentFemaleHealth WorkforceHumansSocial ClassSocioeconomic FactorsSystemic Racism

Identifiers

PMID35130061
PMCPMC9281878
OpenAlexW4210939884

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.