ArticleJournal of experimental psychology. General2022
The backfire effect after correcting misinformation is strongly associated with reliability.
Article in Journal of experimental psychology. General, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence for an illusory truth effect and its determinants.Nature communications · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of debunking interventions on endorsement of alternative medicine: a randomized controlled experiment in Peru.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Blueprint of a smokescreen: Introducing the validated climate disinformation corpus for behavioural research on combating climate disinformation.British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953) · 2026Article
- Integration of modules on evidence-based vaccine communication strategies in disciplinary microbiology courses: two case studies.Journal of microbiology & biology education · 2026Article
- Assessing How Fact-Checks Influence Accuracy and Consensus Judgments: Evidence From the Olympics.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis · 2026Article
- Digital Media for Health Outcomes: Evaluation Study of a Massive Online Open Course.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Students as science communicators: using podcast creation and reflection via collaborative autoethnography to develop students' science communication skills.Journal of microbiology & biology education · 2026Article
- You sure about that? The effects of textual and image-based Skepticism on belief in dubious social-media claims.Cognitive research: principles and implications · 2026Article
- Real-time processing of misinformation and its correction: Insights from eye movements during reading.Cognitive research: principles and implications · 2026Article
- Video inoculation against election misinformation across 12 EU nations.Communications psychology · 2026Article
- From emergence to amplification: an analysis of lifecycle models to address health mis-disinformation in the digital environment.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Does fact-checking COVID-19 fake news on social media correct readers' false beliefs? A study of Chinese youths.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Author Correction: A meta-analysis of correction effects in science-relevant misinformation.Nature human behaviour · 2025Article
- Using Social Media to Combat Influenza Vaccine Misinformation and Improve Uptake: A Social Media Campaign and Repeated Cross-sectional Survey Analysis.Mayo Clinic proceedings. Digital health · 2025Article
- The truth sandwich format does not enhance the correction of misinformation.Journal of educational psychology · 2025Article
- Misinformation reminders enhance belief updating and memory for corrections: the role of attention during encoding revealed by eye tracking.Cognitive research: principles and implications · 2025Article
- Correction approaches and hashtag framing in addressing Mpox misinformation on Instagram.Health education research · 2025Article
- Bypassing versus correcting misinformation: Efficacy and fundamental processes.Journal of experimental psychology. General · 2025Article
- Exposure to content written by large language models can reduce stigma around opioid use disorder.NPJ artificial intelligence · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The backfire effect is when a correction increases belief in the very misconception it is attempting to correct, and it is often used as a reason not to correct misinformation. The current study aimed to test whether correcting misinformation increases belief more than a no-correction control. Furthermore, we aimed to examine whether item-level differences in backfire rates were associated with test-retest reliability or theoretically meaningful factors. These factors included worldview-related attributes, including perceived importance and strength of precorrection belief, and familiarity-related attributes, including perceived novelty and the illusory truth effect. In 2 nearly identical experiments, we conducted a longitudinal pre/post design with
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.