ArticleMolecular therapy. Methods & clinical development2022
Engineered extracellular vesicles directed to the spike protein inhibit SARS-CoV-2.
Article in Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles as Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunomodulatory Therapeutics: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Preclinical Studies.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2024Pooled it
- Extracellular Vesicles as Molecular Regulators of Viral Infection: Implications for COVID-19 and Future Viral Pandemics.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- CELLISA - a cell-cell binding assay for evaluation of nanovesicle targeting proteins.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Construction of Synthetic Probiotic Bacteria for In Situ Delivery of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Nanobodies.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicles as vaccine platforms: emerging opportunities for malaria.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Intranasal delivery of engineered anti-SARS-CoV-2 extracellular vesicles therapeutically represses lung infection and inflammation.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Article
- Generation of Cellular Biofactories for Scalable Production of Surface-Engineered Extracellular Vesicles via CRISPR Genome Editing.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Engineering of CD63 Enables Selective Extracellular Vesicle Cargo Loading and Enhanced Payload Delivery.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- Comparative Examination of Feline Coronavirus and Canine Coronavirus Effects on Extracellular Vesicles Acquired from A-72 Canine Fibrosarcoma Cell Line.Veterinary sciences · 2025Article
- Harnessing extracellular vesicle-mediated crosstalk between T cells and cancer cells for therapeutic applications.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2025Review
- Inverted HA-EV immunization elicits stalk-specific influenza immunity and cross-protection in mice.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- Current State of Therapeutics for HTLV-1.Viruses · 2024Review
- Article
- Review
- Extracellular Vesicles Loaded with Long Antisense RNAs Repress Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection.Nucleic acid therapeutics · 2024Article
- ACE2-Decorated Virus-Like Particles Effectively Block SARS-CoV-2 Infection.International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Article
- Infection, Dysbiosis and Inflammation Interplay in the COVID Era in Children.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The Immunomodulatory Role of Cell-Free Approaches in SARS-CoV-2-Induced Cytokine Storm-A Powerful Therapeutic Tool for COVID-19 Patients.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- Cellular nanovesicles for therapeutic immunomodulation: A perspective on engineering strategies and new advances.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2023Review
- Extracellular vesicles in COVID-19 prognosis, treatment, and vaccination: an update.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (CoV-2) viral infection results in COVID-19 disease, which has caused significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. A vaccine is crucial to curtail the spread of SARS-CoV-2, while therapeutics will be required to treat ongoing and reemerging infections of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 disease. There are currently no commercially available effective anti-viral therapies for COVID-19, urging the development of novel modalities. Here, we describe a molecular therapy specifically targeted to neutralize SARS-CoV-2, which consists of extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing a novel fusion tetraspanin protein, CD63, embedded within an anti-CoV-2 nanobody. These anti-CoV-2-enriched EVs bind SARS-CoV-2 spike protein at the receptor-binding domain (RBD) site and can functionally neutralize SARS-CoV-2. This work demonstrates an innovative EV-targeting platform that can be employed to target and inhibit the early stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.