ArticleFrontiers in immunology2022
Alu RNA Structural Features Modulate Immune Cell Activation and A-to-I Editing of Alu RNAs Is Diminished in Human Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- LINE-1 Epigenetic Repression and Regulation of Immunity.Viruses · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Induced Alterations in ADAR Editing Patterns Differ Between Patients Who Developed Critical Compared to Non-Critical COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Promoter-associated RNA polymerase III shapes RNA polymerase II-dependent inflammatory gene expression during viral infection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The Role of Non-LTR Retrotransposons in Sterile Inflammation: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- RNA modifications in health and disease: from mechanistic insights to therapeutic applications.Precision clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Nanoparticle Delivery of Alu RNA Adjuvants Enhances Vaccine Immunogenicity.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2025Article
- RNA polymerase III transcription-associated polyadenylation promotes the accumulation of noncoding retrotransposons during infection.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Deciphering the mechanistic roles of ADARs in cancer pathogenesis, tumor immune evasion, and drug resistance.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Biological roles of A-to-I editing: implications in innate immunity, cell death, and cancer immunotherapy.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2023Review
- Anti-aging Effects of Alu Antisense RNA on Human Fibroblast Senescence Through the MEK-ERK Pathway Mediated by KIF15.Current medical science · 2023Article
- Blood Transcriptome Analysis of Septic Patients Reveals a Long Non-CodingNon-coding RNA · 2022Article
- Reduced RNA adenosine-to-inosine editing in hippocampus vasculature associated with Alzheimer's disease.Brain communications · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Alu retrotransposons belong to the class of short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs). Alu RNA is abundant in cells and its repetitive structure forms double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA) that activate dsRNA sensors and trigger innate immune responses with significant pathological consequences. Mechanisms to prevent innate immune activation include deamination of adenosines to inosines in dsRNAs, referred to as A-to-I editing, degradation of Alu RNAs by endoribonucleases, and sequestration of Alu RNAs by RNA binding proteins. We have previously demonstrated that widespread loss of Alu RNA A-to-I editing is associated with diverse human diseases including viral (COVID-19, influenza) and autoimmune diseases (multiple sclerosis). Here we demonstrate loss of A-to-I editing in leukocytes is also associated with inflammatory bowel diseases. Our structure-function analysis demonstrates that ability to activate innate immune responses resides in the left arm of Alu RNA, requires a 5'-PPP, RIG-I is the major Alu dsRNA sensor, and A-to-I editing disrupts both structure and function. Further, edited Alu RNAs inhibit activity of unedited Alu RNAs. Altering Alu RNA nucleotide sequence increases biological activity. Two classes of Alu RNAs exist, one class stimulates both IRF and NF-kB transcriptional activity and a second class only stimulates IRF transcriptional activity. Thus, Alu RNAs play important roles in human disease but may also have therapeutic potential.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.