ArticleBulletin of the World Health Organization2022
Childhood immunization during the COVID-19 pandemic: experiences in Haiti, Lesotho, Liberia and Malawi.
Article in Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review on the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on childhood immunisation programmes of West African countries.Ghana medical journal · 2024Pooled it
- Measles Vaccine Coverage and Disease Outbreaks: A Systematic Review of the Early Impact of COVID-19 in Low and Lower-Middle Income Countries.International journal of public health · 2024Pooled it
- Disruptions to routine childhood vaccinations in low- and middle-income countries during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Early impact of the Liberian National Community Health Assistant Program on under-five mortality in Grand Bassa County: A non-randomized stepped wedge evaluation.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Disruption and Maternal and Child Health Services: Evidence from India.Maternal and child health journal · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Rolling Surveillance Methods in Context of Prior Aberrations: A Simulation Study With Routine Data From Low- and Middle-Income Countries.Statistics in medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Towards improving district health information system data consistency, report completeness and timeliness in Neno district, Malawi.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2024Article
- Impact of rotavirus vaccination in Malawi from 2012 to 2022 compared to model predictions.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- COVID-19 related disruption and resilience in immunisation activities in LMICs: a rapid review.BMJ open · 2024Review
- Trust in health workers and patient-centeredness of care were strongest factors associated with vaccination for Kenyan children born between 2017-2022.Vaccine: X · 2024Article
- Article
- Impact of rotavirus vaccination in Malawi from 2012 to 2022 compared to model predictions before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Indirect Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Routine Childhood Vaccination in Low-Income Countries: A Systematic Review to Set the Scope for Future Pandemics.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Article
- The impact of COVID-19 and national pandemic responses on health service utilisation in seven low- and middle-income countries.Global health action · 2023Article
- Vaccination coverage in rural Burkina Faso under the effects of COVID-19: evidence from a panel study in eight districts.BMC health services research · 2023Article
- Malawian caregivers' experiences with HPV vaccination for preadolescent girls: A qualitative study.Vaccine: X · 2023Article
- Malawi vaccination drive: An integrated immunization campaign against typhoid, measles, rubella, and polio; health benefits and potential challenges.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Review
- Impact of pandemics and disruptions to vaccination on infectious diseases epidemiology past and present.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo examine changes in vaccination of children younger than 1 year during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic (March 2020-August 2021) in Haiti, Lesotho, Liberia and Malawi.
methodsWe used data from health management information systems on vaccination of children aged 12 months or younger in districts supported by Partners In Health. We used data from January 2016 to February 2020 and a linear model with negative binomial distribution to estimate the expected immunization counts for March 2020-August 2021 with 95% prediction intervals, assuming no pandemic. We compared these expected levels with observed values and estimated the immunization deficits or excesses during the pandemic months.
findingsBaseline vaccination counts varied substantially by country, with Lesotho having the lowest count and Haiti the highest. We observed declines in vaccination administration early in the COVID-19 pandemic in Haiti, Lesotho and Liberia. Continued declines largely corresponded to high rates of COVID-19 infection and discrete stock-outs. By August 2021, vaccination levels had returned to close to or above expected levels in Haiti, Liberia and Lesotho; in Malawi levels remained below expected.
conclusionPatterns of childhood immunization coverage varied by country over the course of the pandemic, with significantly lower than expected vaccination levels seen in one country during subsequent COVID-19 waves. Governments and health-care stakeholders should monitor vaccine coverage closely and consider interventions, such as community outreach, to avoid or combat the disruptions in childhood vaccination.
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