ReviewEuropean journal of pediatrics2022
The hidden universe of human milk microbiome: origin, composition, determinants, role, and future perspectives.
Review in European journal of pediatrics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Human milk microbiota: origins, determinants, and roles in maternal-infant microbial transmission and infant microbiome assembly.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Anti-Colon Cancer Effects of Lysate from Potential Probiotic Yeast Strains Derived from Human Breast Milk.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2025Article
- Exploring the Microbiome in Breast Cancer: The Role ofMicroorganisms · 2025Review
- The Infant Oral Microbiome: Developmental Dynamics, Modulating Factors, and Implications for Oral and Systemic Health.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Postpartum Maternal Stress is Unrelated to the Infant Fecal Microbiome, but is Associated With the Human Milk Microbiome in Exclusively Breastfeeding Mother-Infant Dyads: The Mother-Infant Microbiomes, Behavior, and Ecology Study (MIMBES).American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Article
- The impact of perinatal maternal stress on the maternal and infant gut and human milk microbiomes: A scoping review.PloS one · 2025Article
- The importance of gut microbiome in the perinatal period.European journal of pediatrics · 2024Review
- Analysis of Human Milk Microbiota in Northern Greece by Comparative 16S rRNA Sequencing vs. Local Dairy Animals.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Longitudinal analysis of carotenoid content in preterm human milk.European journal of pediatrics · 2024Article
- From womb to world: mapping gut microbiota-related health literacy among Italian mothers, a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Composition of Microbiota in Transient and Mature Human Milk: Significant Changes in Large for Gestational Age Group.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Neonatal Microbiome: Is it Still Beneficial?Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets · 2024Article
- Human milk microbiome: associations with maternal diet and infant growth.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- New alternatives to holder pasteurization in processing donor milk in human milk banks.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Review
- The microRNA Cargo of Human Vaginal Extracellular Vesicles Differentiates Parasitic and Pathobiont Infections from Colonization by Homeostatic Bacteria.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Breastmilk microbiome changes associated with lactational mastitis and treatment with dandelion extract.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- Perspective: Human Milk Composition and Related Data for National Health and Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2022Article
- Maternal vaccination as an additional approach to improve the protection of the nursling: Anti-infective properties of breast milk.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2022Review
- Metataxonomic Analysis of Milk Samples From SARS-CoV-2-Positive and SARS-CoV-2-Negative Women.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although traditionally considered sterile, human milk is currently recognized as an alive ecosystem that harbors not only bacteria, but also viruses, fungi and yeasts, and minor genera, collectively known as the human milk microbiome (HMM). The seeding of HMM is a complex phenomenon whose dynamics are still a matter of research. Many factors contribute to its determination, both maternal, neonatal, environmental, and related to human milk itself. The transmission of microorganisms to the infant through breastfeeding may impact its present and future health, mainly shaping the GI tract microbiome and immune system. The existence and persistence of HMM as a conserved feature among different species may also have an evolutionary meaning, which will become apparent only in evolutionary times.
conclusionThe complexities of HMM warrant further research in order to deepen our knowledge on its origin, determinants, and impact on infants' health. The practical and translational implications of research on HMM (e.g., reconstitution of donor human milk through inoculation of infant's own mother milk, modulation of HMM through maternal dietary supplementation) should not be overlooked. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Human milk harbors a wide variety of microorganisms, ranging from bacteria to viruses, fungi and yeasts, and minor genera. • Human milk microbiome is shaped over time by many factors: maternal, neonatal, environmental, and related to human milk itself. • The transmission of microorganisms through breastfeeding may impact the infant's present and future health. WHAT IS NEW: • We provide an overview on human milk microbiome, hopefully encouraging physicians to consider it among the other better-known breastfeeding benefits. • Further studies, with standardized and rigorous study designs to enhance accuracy and reproducibility of the results, are needed to deepen our knowledge of the human milk microbiota and its role in newborn and infant's health.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.