ArticleJournal of translational medicine2022
Sex-specific differences in plasma lipid profiles are associated with Gulf War Illness.
Article in Journal of translational medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Differential Regulation of Inflammatory and Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in Chronic Coronary Syndrome Across Cardiometabolic Phenotypes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Observational
- Observational and genetically-informed characterization of Gulf War Illness symptoms in 1990-1991 Gulf War deployed Veterans and non-deployed Gulf War Era Veterans.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2026Article
- Age- and sex-associated effects of C18 ceramide sphingolipids on osteoclastogenesis in experimental models of Gulf War Illness.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2025Article
- Dysregulation of lipid metabolism, energy production, and oxidative stress in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome, Gulf War Syndrome and fibromyalgia.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Review
- Genetic association between the APOE ε4 allele, toxicant exposures and Gulf war illness diagnosis.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2023Article
- Dysbiosis in gastrointestinal pathophysiology: Role of the gut microbiome in Gulf War Illness.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2023Review
- A review of chemical warfare agents linked to respiratory and neurological effects experienced in Gulf War Illness.Inhalation toxicology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNearly 250,000 veterans from the 1990-1991 Gulf War have Gulf War Illness (GWI), a condition with heterogeneous pathobiology that remains difficult to diagnose. As such, availability of blood biomarkers that reflect the underlying biology of GWI would help clinicians provide appropriate care to ill veterans. In this study, we measured blood lipids to examine the influence of sex on the association between blood lipids and GWI diagnosis.
methodsPlasma lipid extracts from GWI (n = 100) and control (n = 45) participants were subjected to reversed-phase nano-flow liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.
resultsAn influence of sex and GWI case status on plasma neutral lipid and phospholipid species was observed. Among male participants, triglycerides, diglycerides, and phosphatidylcholines were increased while cholesterol esters were decreased in GWI cases compared to controls. In female participants, ceramides were increased in GWI cases compared to controls. Among male participants, unsaturated triglycerides, phosphatidylcholine and diglycerides were increased while unsaturated cholesterol esters were lower in GWI cases compared to controls. The ratio of arachidonic acid- to docosahexaenoic acid-containing triglyceride species was increased in female and male GWI cases as compared to their sex-matched controls.
conclusionDifferential modulation of neutral lipids and ratios of arachidonic acid to docosahexaenoic acid in male veterans with GWI suggest metabolic dysfunction and inflammation. Increases in ceramides among female veterans with GWI also suggest activation of inflammatory pathways. Future research should characterize how these lipids and their associated pathways relate to GWI pathology to identify biomarkers of the disorder.
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