ArticleSports medicine - open2022
The Relationship Between Visual Function and Performance in Para Swimming.
Article in Sports medicine - open, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guiding Evidence-Based Classification in Para Sporting Populations: A Systematic Review of Impairment Measures and Activity Limitations.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Pooled it
- The Relationship Between Vision and Performance in Swimming Under Simulated Vision Impairment: Establishing an Empirically Driven Minimum Impairment Criteria for Para Swimming.Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2026Article
- Eye tracking for the classification of visual function in individuals with vision impairment: A validation in Para athletes.Journal of vision · 2025Article
- Characteristics of shoulder range of motion, muscle tightness, and streamlined body position in Japanese female para swimmers with unilateral forearm deficiency and in swimmers with vision impairment: a comparative cross-sectional study.Journal of physical therapy science · 2025Article
- How People With Vision Impairment Use Their Gaze to Hit a Ball.Translational vision science & technology · 2025Article
- Investigating the impairment-performance relationship during competition in elite blind and partially sighted football.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
- Effect of breathing conditions on relationships between impairment, breathing laterality and coordination symmetry in elite para swimmers.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Race analysis in swimming: understanding the evolution of publications, citations and networks through a bibliometric review.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2024Review
- Physical activity and sport practice to improve balance control of visually impaired individuals: a narrative review with future perspectives.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundParalympic swimmers with vision impairment (VI) currently compete in one of the three classes depending on their visual acuity (VA) and/or visual field. However, there is no evidence to suggest that a three-class system is the most legitimate approach for classification in swimming, or that the tests of VA and visual field are the most suitable. An evidence-based approach is required to establish the relationship between visual function and performance in the sport. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the relationship between visual function and performance in VI Para swimming. The swimming performance of 45 elite VI swimmers was evaluated during international competitions by measuring the total race time, start time, clean swim velocity, ability to swim in a straight line, turn time, and finish time. Visual function was measured using a test battery that included VA, contrast sensitivity, light sensitivity, depth perception, visual search, and motion perception.
resultsResults revealed that VA was the best predictor of total race time (r = 0.40, p < 0.01), though the relationship was not linear. Decision tree analysis suggested that only two classes were necessary for legitimate competition in VI swimming, with a single cut-off between 2.6 and 3.5 logMAR. No further significant association remained between visual function and performance in either of the two resulting classes (all |rs|< 0.11 and ps > 0.54).
conclusionsResults suggest that legitimate competition in VI swimming requires one class for partially sighted and another for functionally blind athletes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.