ArticleBMC pregnancy and childbirth2022
Associations between prolonged second stage of labor and maternal and neonatal outcomes in freestanding birth centers: a retrospective analysis.
Article in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evaluating the impact of the second-stage and pushing duration on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2025Pooled it
- More than the passage of time: neonatal health and active labor duration, the mediating role of chorioamnionitis.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2025Observational
- Association between labor duration in transvaginal deliveries and the risk of neonatal intensive care unit admission for newborns.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Prolonged second stage of labor and risk of postpartum hemorrhage in nullipara with epidural anesthesia and vaginal delivery: A cohort study with propensity score analysis.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2025Article
- Duration of labor stages and pregnancy outcomes in vaginal birth after cesarean: a retrospective comparative analysis.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Reduced diaphragmatic function during term labor and its association with second stage of labor: an intrapartum ultrasound study.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Article
- A pilot study of the association between maternal mid-pregnancy cholesterol and oxysterol concentrations and labor duration.Lipids in health and disease · 2023Article
- The effect of evening primrose oil on cervical ripening and birth outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Heliyon · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCurrent guidelines for second stage management do not provide guidance for community birth providers about when best to transfer women to hospital care for prolonged second stage. Our goal was to increase the evidence base for these providers by: 1) describing the lengths of second stage labor in freestanding birth centers, and 2) determining whether proportions of postpartum women and newborns experiencing complications change as length of second stage labor increases.
methodsThis study is a retrospective analysis of de-identified client-level data collected in the American Association of Birth Centers Perinatal Data Registry, including women giving birth in freestanding birth centers January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2016. We plotted proportions of postpartum women and newborns transferred to hospital care against length of the second stage of labor, and assessed significance of these with the Cochran-Armitage test for trend or chi-square test. Secondary maternal and newborn outcomes were compared for dyads with normal and prolonged second stages of labor using Fisher's exact test.
resultsSecond stage labor exceeded 3 hours for 2.3% of primiparous women and 2 hours for 6.6% of multiparous women. Newborn transfers increased as second stage increased from < 15 minutes to > 2 hours (0.6% to 6.33%, p for trend = 0.0008, for primiparous women, and 1.4% to 10.6%, p for trend < 0.0001, for multiparous women.) Postpartum transfers for multiparous women increased from 1.4% after second stage < 15 minutes to greater than 4% for women after second stage exceeding 2 hours (p for trend < 0.0001.)
conclusionsComplications requiring hospitalization of postpartum women and newborns become more common as the length of the second stage increases. Birth center guidelines should consider not just presence of progress but also absolute length of time as indications for transfer.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.