ArticleBMC emergency medicine2022
Emergency department visits and trends related to cocaine, psychostimulants, and opioids in the United States, 2008-2018.
Article in BMC emergency medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring the efficacy of cholinergic agents for the treatment of psychostimulant use disorder: a systematic review.Psychopharmacology · 2024Pooled it
- Experiences of patients at high risk of opioid overdose accessing emergency department and behavioral health interventions: a qualitative analysis in an urban emergency department.BMC health services research · 2023Trial
- Effect of a Peer-Led Behavioral Intervention for Emergency Department Patients at High Risk of Fatal Opioid Overdose: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2022Trial
- Unwanted effects, self-management strategies, and consequences of unwanted effects of methamphetamine use.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Association of experiencing homelessness with hospital utilization and medical bills among people who have injected drugs: A community-based cohort and data linkage study.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2026Article
- Article
- Interactions between long-acting antiretrovirals and opioids: a call for clinical awareness.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Methamphetamine Use and HIV Risk Behaviors in a Cohort of Homeless-Experienced Adults Who Use Drugs.AIDS and behavior · 2026Article
- Associations Between Sustained Methamphetamine/Amphetamine Use and Left Ventricular Dysfunction in a Cohort of Women Living With and Without HIV.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Stimulant Overdose Prediction Model for Medicaid-Insured Persons.JAMA health forum · 2025Article
- The Unsolved Problem of Attrition Rates on Randomized Clinical Trials for Cocaine Use Disorders: A Scoping Review.Substance use & addiction journal · 2025Article
- Trends in stimulant-related emergency department visits among adults in California, 2017-2021.The American journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Clinical progress note: Management of the hospitalized patient who uses methamphetamine.Journal of hospital medicine · 2025Article
- Characterizing and responding to stimulant overdoses: Findings from a mixed methods study of people who use cocaine and other stimulants in New England.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Evaluation of methamphetamine assist packs: As-needed antipsychotics for self-management of methamphetamine-associated psychiatric toxicity.The International journal on drug policy · 2024Article
- How Does Telehealth Expansion Change Access to Healthcare for Patients With Different Types of Substance Use Disorders?Substance use & addiction journal · 2024Article
- Cardiovascular Risks of Simultaneous Use of Alcohol and Cocaine-A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Stimulant use and opioid-related harm in patients on long-term opioids for chronic pain.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- Screening for problematic opioid use in the emergency department: Comparison of two screening measures.Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open · 2024Article
- Methamphetamine Toxicities and Clinical Management.NEJM evidence · 2023 · on this mapReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDrug-related emergency department (ED) visits are escalating, especially for stimulant use (i.e., cocaine and psychostimulants such as methamphetamine). We sought to characterize rates, presentation, and management of ED visits related to cocaine and psychostimulant use, compared to opioid use, in the United States (US).
methodsWe used 2008-2018 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data to identify a nationally representative sample of ED visits related to cocaine and psychostimulant use, with opioids as the comparator. To make visits mutually exclusive for analysis, we excluded visits related to 2 or more of the three possible drug categories. We estimated annual rate trends using unadjusted Poisson regression; described demographics, presenting concerns, and management; and determined associations between drug-type and presenting concerns (categorized as psychiatric, neurologic, cardiopulmonary, and drug toxicity/withdrawal) using logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and homelessness.
resultsCocaine-related ED visits did not significantly increase, while psychostimulant-related ED visits increased from 2008 to 2018 (2.2 visits per 10,000 population to 12.9 visits per 10,000 population; p < 0.001). Cocaine-related ED visits had higher usage of cardiac testing, while psychostimulant-related ED visits had higher usage of chemical restraints than opioid-related ED visits. Cocaine- and psychostimulant-related ED visits had greater odds of presenting with cardiopulmonary concerns (cocaine adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.95, 95% CI 1.70-5.13; psychostimulant aOR 2.46, 95% CI 1.42-4.26), while psychostimulant-related visits had greater odds of presenting with psychiatric concerns (aOR 2.69, 95% CI 1.83-3.95) and lower odds of presenting with drug toxicity/withdrawal concerns (aOR 0.47, 95%CI 0.30-0.73) compared to opioid-related ED visits.
conclusionPresentations for stimulant-related ED visits differ from opioid-related ED visits: compared to opioids, ED presentations related to cocaine and psychostimulants are less often identified as related to drug toxicity/withdrawal and more often require interventions to address acute cardiopulmonary and psychiatric complications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.