ArticleJournal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine2022
COVID-19 Vaccine Rollouts and the Reproduction of Urban Spatial Inequality: Disparities Within Large US Cities in March and April 2021 by Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Composition.
Article in Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- A Study on Economic Stressors During the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survivors in the United States.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Identifying Areas with Low Access to the COVID-19 Vaccine: A New Objective Framework Incorporating Mobility Data.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Exploring the Role of Vaccine Confidence in COVID-19 Vaccination Among a Community-Based Sample of Women Who Use Drugs in Baltimore, Maryland.Journal of health care for the poor and underserved · 2025Article
- Social Disparities and Critical Illness during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Narrative Review.Critical care clinics · 2024Review
- Impact of phased COVID-19 vaccine rollout on anxiety and depression among US adult population, January 2019-February 2023: a population-based interrupted time series analysis.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2024Article
- Racial/ethnic differences in the associations between trust in the U.S. healthcare system and willingness to test for and vaccinate against COVID-19.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Neighborhood-level factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination rates: a case study in Chicago.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Vaccination against COVID-19 and socioeconomic inequalities: A cross-sectional study in Ecuador.Vaccine: X · 2023Article
- Geographic proximity to immunization providers and vaccine series completion among children ages 0-24 months.Vaccine · 2023Article
- The Role of Functional Urban Areas in the Spread of COVID-19 Omicron (Northern Spain).Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2023Article
- Within-Country Inequality in COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage: A Scoping Review of Academic Literature.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Exploring COVID-19 Vaccine Attitudes among Racially and Ethnically Minoritized Communities: Community Partners' and Residents' Perspectives.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Impact of COVID-19 on pediatric asthma-related healthcare utilization in New York City: a community-based study.BMC pediatrics · 2023Article
- The Brazilian vaccine divide: How some municipalities were left behind in the Covid-19 vaccine coverage.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Racial concentration and dynamics of COVID-19 vaccination in the United States.SSM - population health · 2022Article
- Highlighting COVID-19 racial disparities can reduce support for safety precautions among White U.S. residents.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2022Article
- The COVID-19 Vaccination and Vaccine Inequity Worldwide: An Empirical Study Based on Global Data.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Unequal effects of disruptive events.Sociology compass · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Rollouts of COVID-19 vaccines in the USA were opportunities to redress disparities that surfaced during the pandemic. Initial eligibility criteria, however, neglected geographic, racial/ethnic, and socioeconomic considerations. Marginalized populations may have faced barriers to then-scarce vaccines, reinforcing disparities. Inequalities may have subsided as eligibility expanded. Using spatial modeling, we investigate how strongly local vaccination levels were associated with socioeconomic and racial/ethnic composition as authorities first extended vaccine eligibility to all adults. We harmonize administrative, demographic, and geospatial data across postal codes in eight large US cities over 3 weeks in Spring 2021. We find that, although vaccines were free regardless of health insurance coverage, local vaccination levels in March and April were negatively associated with poverty, enrollment in means-tested public health insurance (e.g., Medicaid), and the uninsured population. By April, vaccination levels in Black and Hispanic communities were only beginning to reach those of Asian and White communities in March. Increases in vaccination were smaller in socioeconomically disadvantaged Black and Hispanic communities than in more affluent, Asian, and White communities. Our findings suggest vaccine rollouts contributed to cumulative disadvantage. Populations that were left most vulnerable to COVID-19 benefited least from early expansions in vaccine availability in large US cities.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.