ReviewFrontiers in global women's health2021
Breaking Down the Barrier: The Role of Cervical Infection and Inflammation in Preterm Birth.
Review in Frontiers in global women's health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- Urinary tract infections and risk of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo · 2024Pooled it
- Spatial localization of avian and human influenza A virus receptors in male and female bovine reproductive tissues.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Antimicrobial proteins and peptides in pregnancy: Guardians of the maternal-fetal frontier.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Vaginoscopic polypectomy for cervical polyps during pregnancy: an analysis of safety and influencing factors for pregnancy outcomes.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Increased vaginalmSystems · 2025Article
- Sialidases derived frombioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Proinflammatory Cytokines in Women with PCOS in Atypical Pathogen Infections.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Cellular dynamics of cervical remodelling: insights from preterm and term labour.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2025Observational
- Predictors of Inflammation-Mediated Preterm Birth.Physiology (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Review
- The Role of the Vaginal and Endometrial Microbiomes in Infertility and Their Impact on Pregnancy Outcomes in Light of Recent Literature.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Probiotics in the Prophylaxis of Premature Rupture of Membranes and Cervical Incompetence.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Characterization of Amniotic Fluid Ureaplasma Species from Pregnancies Complicated by Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2024Article
- Review
- The antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine inhibits cytokine and prostaglandin release in human fetal membranes stimulated ex vivo with lipoteichoic acid or live group B streptococcus.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2024Article
- Effects of Ureaplasma parvum infection in the exosome biogenesis-related proteins in ectocervical epithelial cells.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2024Article
- Impact of bisphenol A on cell viability and inflammatory cytokine production in human cervical epithelial cells.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2023Article
- Primary prevention with vaginal chlorhexidine before 16 weeks reduces the incidence of preterm birth: results of the Preterm Labor Prevention Using Vaginal Antiseptics study.AJOG global reports · 2023Article
- Collagen-Based Ovule Therapy Reduces Inflammation and Improve Cervical Epithelialization in Patients with Fungal, Viral, and Bacterial Cervico-Vaginitis.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Observational
- Serum cytokines in second trimester pregnancy and their relationship with spontaneous preterm births in the Ribeirão Preto and São Luiz cohorts.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Approximately 40% of cases of spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) are associated with ascending intrauterine infections. The cervix serves as a physical and immunological gatekeeper, preventing the ascent of microorganisms from the vagina to the amniotic cavity. The cervix undergoes remodeling during pregnancy. It remains firm and closed from the start until the late third trimester of pregnancy and then dilates and effaces to accommodate the passage of the fetus during delivery. Remodeling proceeds appropriately and timely to maintain the pregnancy until term delivery. However, risk factors, such as acute and chronic infection and local inflammation in the cervix, may compromise cervical integrity and result in premature remodeling, predisposing to sPTB. Previous clinical studies have established bacterial (i.e., chlamydia, gonorrhea, mycoplasma, etc.) and viral infections (i.e., herpesviruses and human papillomaviruses) as risk factors of PTB. However, the exact mechanism leading to PTB is still unknown. This review focuses on: (1) the epidemiology of cervical infections in pregnant patients; (2) cellular mechanisms that may explain the association of cervical infections to premature cervical ripening and PTB; (3) endogenous defense mechanisms of the cervix that protect the uterine cavity from infection and inflammation; and (4) potential inflammatory biomarkers associated with cervical infection that can serve as prognostic markers for premature cervical ripening and PTB. This review will provide mechanistic insights on cervical functions to assist in managing cervical infections during pregnancy.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.