A case report of fatal hepatic portal venous gas after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) refers to the imaging signs formed by the abnormal accumulation of abnormal gas in the portal veins and the branches of the inner veins of the liver due to various reasons, and is usually associated with poor prognosis. HPVG is mostly caused by abdominal diseases. Herein, we reported a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma developed HPVG following transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). This patient was identified as Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage B, and treated by five times of TACE. Gelfoam sponge was used as embolic agent in the first and last TACE treatment. After the first TACE, pneumonia occurred in the right lung, and pneumorachis with iodine oil deposition occurred in the tumor lesion in the right lobe of the liver, which was considered as hepatic abscess. After three more TACE, enhanced MRI showed significant necrosis and reduction of the lesions. After the fifth TACE, the enhancing computed tomography (CT) showed a large amount of gas in the lesions and in the portal veins, which was considered as HPVG. Although after active treatment, the patient died soon. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma developed HPVG following TACE with gelfoam sponge as embolic agent.