ArticlePloS one2022
Pre-infection 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels and association with severity of COVID-19 illness.
Article in PloS one, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It has been retracted, and should not be counted. It is linked to trial NCT04810949 (Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Development of Respiratory Infections), which is not on this map. Cited by 53 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Development of Respiratory Infections (COVID-19) in Health Personnel at Hospital Clínica NOVA With Serum Values> 20ng / ml
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 87 citations in OpenAlex.
- Vitamin D Deficiency Meets Hill's Criteria for Causation in SARS-CoV-2 Susceptibility, Complications, and Mortality: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Pharmacological evaluation of vitamin D in COVID-19 and long COVID-19: recent studies confirm clinical validation and highlight metformin to improve VDR sensitivity and efficacy.Inflammopharmacology · 2024Pooled it
- The impact of supplementing vitamin D through different methods on the prognosis of COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The effects of vitamin D on all-cause mortality in different diseases: an evidence-map and umbrella review of 116 randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in nutrition · 2023Pooled it
- Hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in Sicily from 2008 to 2021: clinical features and predictors of severity.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- The potential role of 1,25(OH)Journal of inflammation (London, England) · 2025Review
- Vitamin D Status and Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections in the Borriana COVID-19 Cohort: A Population-Based Prospective Cohort Study.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Retraction: Pre-infection 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels and association with severity of COVID-19 illness.PloS one · 2025Article
- Unveiling the Interplay-Vitamin D and ACE-2 Molecular Interactions in Mitigating Complications and Deaths from SARS-CoV-2.Biology · 2024Review
- Decreased progenitor TCF1 + T-cells correlate with COVID-19 disease severity.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Multimorbidity in middle-aged women and COVID-19: binary data clustering for unsupervised binning of rare multimorbidity features and predictive modeling.BMC medical research methodology · 2024Article
- COVID-19 and Comorbidities: What Has Been Unveiled by Metabolomics?Metabolites · 2024Review
- Vitamin D Supplementation in Neonatal and Infant MIS-C Following COVID-19 Infection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Article
- Prognostic Factors for Predicting Post-COVID-19 Condition in Patients With COVID-19 in an Outpatient Setting.Journal of Korean medical science · 2024Article
- A systematic review: The relationship of COVID-19 to iron, zinc, and vitamin D.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2023Article
- Hospital Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized for COVID-19 Pneumonia: The Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and Vitamin D Status.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Significance of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin DNutrients · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Retraction · 2025-09-08Concerns/Issues about Data · Concerns/Issues about Results and/or Conclusions · Error in Analyses · Error in Methods · Investigation by Journal/Publisher · Investigation by Third Party · Objections by Author(s) · Unreliable Results and/or Conclusions ·
- Retracted
Authors and funding
18 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveStudies have demonstrated a potential correlation between low vitamin D status and both an increased risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and poorer clinical outcomes. This retrospective study examines if, and to what degree, a relationship exists between pre-infection serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level and disease severity and mortality due to SARS-CoV-2.
participantsThe records of individuals admitted between April 7th, 2020 and February 4th, 2021 to the Galilee Medical Center (GMC) in Nahariya, Israel, with positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) were searched for historical 25(OH)D levels measured 14 to 730 days prior to the positive PCR test.
designPatients admitted to GMC with COVID-19 were categorized according to disease severity and level of 25(OH)D. An association between pre-infection 25(OH)D levels, divided between four categories (deficient, insufficient, adequate, and high-normal), and COVID-19 severity was ascertained utilizing a multivariable regression analysis. To isolate the possible influence of the sinusoidal pattern of seasonal 25(OH)D changes throughout the year, a cosinor model was used.
resultsOf 1176 patients admitted, 253 had records of a 25(OH)D level prior to COVID-19 infection. A lower vitamin D status was more common in patients with the severe or critical disease (<20 ng/mL [87.4%]) than in individuals with mild or moderate disease (<20 ng/mL [34.3%] p < 0.001). Patients with vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) were 14 times more likely to have severe or critical disease than patients with 25(OH)D ≥40 ng/mL (odds ratio [OR], 14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4 to 51; p < 0.001).
conclusionsAmong hospitalized COVID-19 patients, pre-infection deficiency of vitamin D was associated with increased disease severity and mortality.
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Registered trials
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