ArticleJCO global oncology2022
Risk Factors Associated With Early-Onset Esophageal Cancer in Tanzania.
Article in JCO global oncology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Environmental and life-style risk factors for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2023Pooled it
- Early-Onset Digestive System Cancers: Risk Factors and Clinicopathological and Molecular Features Across Organ Sites.Cancer science · 2026Review
- The rising burden of early-onset esophageal cancer: a call to action.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Geospatial distribution and associated factors of cancer cases registered at a tertiary hospital in Northwestern Tanzania. A retrospective study.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- The global, regional, and national burden of early, middle, and late-onset esophageal cancer and trends from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Article
- Carcinoma of Esophagus.Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · 2025Review
- Esophageal Squamous Papilloma and Papillomatosis: Current Evidence of HPV Involvement and Malignant Potential.Cancers · 2025Review
- Early-onset gastrointestinal cancers: comprehensive review and future directions.The British journal of surgery · 2025Review
- Environmental tobacco smoking (ETS) and esophageal cancer: A population-based case-control study in Jiangsu Province, China.International journal of cancer · 2025Article
- Article
- Exploring Oesophageal Cancer in Ethiopia: Elevated Incidence in Females and Younger Cases.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Article
- Article
- Review
- Early-onset gastrointestinal cancer: An epidemiological reality with great significance and implications.World journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2024Article
- High Incidence of Esophageal Cancer in Women in Eritrea and Its Potential Link to Low Age at Menopause: Evidence from a 10-Year Retrospective Data Analysis.Journal of cancer epidemiology · 2024Article
- The microbiome and rise of early-onset cancers: knowledge gaps and research opportunities.Gut microbes · 2023Review
- Esophageal and Head and Neck Cancer Patients Attending Ocean Road Cancer Institute in Tanzania from 2019 to 2021: An Observational Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Observational
- Review
- An international report on bacterial communities in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.International journal of cancer · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeEastern Africa is one of several regions affected by high incidence rates of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). A unique epidemiologic feature of ESCC in Eastern Africa is the high incidence in young people, with one-third of cases diagnosed at age < 45 years. This study aimed to investigate risk factors for early-onset ESCC in Tanzania through a secondary analysis of a matched case-control study. MATERIALS AND
methodsFrom 2013 to 2015, ESCC cases were recruited at Muhimbili National Hospital and Ocean Road Cancer Institute in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Hospital controls were identified from patients with nonmalignant conditions and matched 1:1 for sex and age (± 10 years). Questionnaires were used to assess sociodemographic characteristics and environmental, dietary, and lifestyle risk exposures. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate age-specific odds ratios of ESCC for exposures among participants age 30-44 and ≥ 45 years.
resultsA total of 471 cases and 471 controls were enrolled. Among cases, 100 (21%) were < 45 years. Multiple exposures were identified as risk factors for early-onset ESCC, several of which were unique to this age group, including infrequent teeth cleaning, secondhand tobacco smoke exposure, and pest infestation of grain and/or nuts. Lower socioeconomic status, family history of ESCC, tobacco smoking, home-brewed alcohol consumption, home storage of grain and/or nuts, and use of firewood for cooking were associated in the older but not the younger age group. Hot beverage intake was associated with increased ESCC risk in both age groups.
conclusionOur results suggest that ESCC risk factors in Tanzania vary between age groups. With the data currently available, environmental and behavioral risk factors appear to play an important role in the high incidence of ESCC among young people.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.