ArticleActa ophthalmologica2022
Limitation of standard pseudoisochromatic plates in identifying colour vision deficiencies when compared with genetic testing.
Article in Acta ophthalmologica, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- iPhone-based anomaloscope for accessible, accurate color vision testing.Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision · 2025Article
- Red tinted contact lenses on Ishihara test error scores in color deficient subjects: a pilot study.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Analyzing the effect of blue-blocking lenses on color vision tests using the chromaticity coordinate method.Heliyon · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe Ishihara pseudoisochromatic (PIC) plate test is the most used test for identifying red-green colour-deficient individuals, but it is not known how the Ishihara results compare with that of genetics testing. Here, the outcome of genotype analysis of OPN1LW and OPN1MW was compared with that of the Ishihara (24-plate ed., 1964) and the Hardy-Rand-Rittler (4th ed. 2002) PIC plate tests.
methodsHealthy participants with normal habitual visual acuity (n = 454, 16-24 years; 193 males; logMAR ≤ 0.00) gave saliva samples for opsin gene analysis and performed the two PIC plate tests as part of a cross-sectional study. The criteria for failing the PIC tests were according to manufacturers' instructions. DNA was extracted and used in genotyping assays of OPN1LW and OPN1MW genes from each participant using the Agena MassArray genotyping system.
resultsTen male (5.2%) and 3 (1.1%) female participants were identified as red-green colour deficient based on PIC tests alone. The combination of MassArray and PIC test results identified 10.4% of male and 0.8% of female participants to be colour deficient (males: 0.5% protan and 9.9% deutan; females: 0.8% deutan). Hardy-Weinberg calculations based on male frequencies from combining the MassArray and the PIC test results gave female frequency estimates of colour deficiency and carriers closely matching measured frequencies.
conclusionsMassArray identified twice as many colour-deficient males as identified from PIC tests alone. Combining results from MassArray and the PIC tests proves to be more reliable than any single test at correctly identifying red-green colour-deficient individuals and carriers.
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