ReviewNature protocols2022
3D in vitro morphogenesis of human intestinal epithelium in a gut-on-a-chip or a hybrid chip with a cell culture insert.
Review in Nature protocols, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 166 citations in OpenAlex.
- Strategies for modelling the intestinal mucus interface: Focus on drug transport and host-microbiota interactions.International journal of pharmaceutics: X · 2026Review
- Effects of probiotics on joint homeostasis and osteoarthritis: Development of microbe-gut-cartilage axis-on-a-chip.Science advances · 2026Article
- Label-free ultraviolet photoacoustic microscopy for multiscale structural phenotyping of epithelial morphogenesis in organoid-derived intestinal epithelial wrinkle tissue.Photoacoustics · 2026Article
- Clinical trials in a dish: cardiometabolic drug development with biological and digital twins.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- Insights into the Complexities of Pharmacotherapy Parameters in Artificial Intelligence Models for Drug Selection, Precision Personalised Medicine and Optimal Therapeutic Outcomes.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- From immature to mature epithelium: unveiling structural dynamics and transcriptional programs in rainbow trout intestinal barrier.Veterinary research · 2026Article
- Engineering human Gut-on-a-Chip culturomics for predictive pharmacomicrobiomics of first-pass metabolism.npj biomedical innovations · 2026Review
- Advanced fabrication protocol of an elastic porous membrane for organ-on-a-chip applications.SLAS technology · 2026Article
- Probiotic intervention mitigates radiation-induced intestinal injury by alleviating oxidative stress in a human gut-on-a-chip.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Mechanostimulatory Cues Determine Intestinal Fibroblast Fate and Profibrotic Remodeling in a Physiodynamic Human Gut-on-a-Chip.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Biomimetic villi-crypt scaffold-on-chip with tunable mechanical properties for intestinal epithelium modeling.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Bioengineering mini-colons for ex vivo colorectal cancer research.Nature protocols · 2026Review
- Respiratory Organ-on-a-Chip for Disease Modeling: From Architecture to Functional Integration.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Enhancements of symbiotic adhesion and antibiotic efficacy observed by the metabolic crosstalk within cell-bacteria cocultured on a microfluidic gut chip.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2026Article
- Translating Pharmacology from Animal Models to Organoids: Advancing Predictive Human Biology in Drug Discovery.Stem cell reviews and reports · 2026Review
- 3D Single-Virus Tracking: Advances in Methodology and Labeling Strategies Towards Probing the Virus-Epithelium Interaction.Viruses · 2026Review
- Integrating Human Intestinal Organoids into FDA's New Approach Methodologies for Drug Discovery.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- From organoid culture to manufacturing: technologies for reproducible and scalable organoid production.npj biomedical innovations · 2026Review
- Filtration-Based Rapid ECM-Hydrogel Elimination Enables Robust MALDI MSI of Intestinal Organoids.Analytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Coordinated regulation of colonic fluid and mucus secretion.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Human intestinal morphogenesis establishes 3D epithelial microarchitecture and spatially organized crypt-villus characteristics. This unique structure is necessary to maintain intestinal homeostasis by protecting the stem cell niche in the basal crypt from exogenous microbial antigens and their metabolites. Also, intestinal villi and secretory mucus present functionally differentiated epithelial cells with a protective barrier at the intestinal mucosal surface. Thus, re-creating the 3D epithelial structure is critical to building in vitro intestine models. Notably, an organomimetic gut-on-a-chip can induce spontaneous 3D morphogenesis of an intestinal epithelium with enhanced physiological function and biomechanics. Here we provide a reproducible protocol to robustly induce intestinal morphogenesis in a microfluidic gut-on-a-chip as well as in a Transwell-embedded hybrid chip. We describe detailed methods for device fabrication, culture of Caco-2 or intestinal organoid epithelial cells in conventional setups as well as on microfluidic platforms, induction of 3D morphogenesis and characterization of established 3D epithelium using multiple imaging modalities. This protocol enables the regeneration of functional intestinal microarchitecture by controlling basolateral fluid flow within 5 d. Our in vitro morphogenesis method employs physiologically relevant shear stress and mechanical motions, and does not require complex cellular engineering or manipulation, which may be advantageous over other existing techniques. We envision that our proposed protocol may have a broad impact on biomedical research communities, providing a method to regenerate in vitro 3D intestinal epithelial layers for biomedical, clinical and pharmaceutical applications.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.