ArticleEthnicity & disease2022
The Relationship between Systemic Racism, Residential Segregation, and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Deaths in the United States.
Article in Ethnicity & disease, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Codesigning COVID-19 booster promotion materials in online workshops with long-term care staff: a process evaluation.Health education research · 2026Trial
- A Standard Measure of Structural Racism, Do We Have One? Can We Have One? A Narrative Review of Commonly Used Measures and Domains of Use.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Review
- Association Between Social Vulnerability and Infection-Induced SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Seroprevalence Among Children: United States, 2021-2022.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974) · 2025Article
- Associations of municipality-level income and racial segregation with individual-level tuberculosis treatment outcomes in Brazil: a nationwide cohort study (2010-2019).Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2025Article
- How Education Shapes Indigenous Health Inequalities in the USA and Mexico.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- The burden of COVID-19 death for different cancer types: a large population-based study.Journal of global health · 2025Article
- Ten Americas: a systematic analysis of life expectancy disparities in the USA.Lancet (London, England) · 2024Article
- Piloting a Measure of Segregation at the Census Tract Level: Associations with Place and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Life Expectancy.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Spatial and temporal analysis of HIV clinical outcomes in Florida reveals counties with persistent racial and ethnic disparities during 2012-2019.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Toward standardization, harmonization, and integration of social determinants of health data: A Texas Clinical and Translational Science Award institutions collaboration.Journal of clinical and translational science · 2024Article
- Association of race/ethnicity and severe housing problems with COVID-19 deaths in the United States: Analysis of the first three waves.PloS one · 2024Article
- Residential Segregation and County-Level COVID-19 Booster Coverage in the Deep South: Surveillance Report and Ecological Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2023Article
- Anti-Racism Efforts in Healthcare: A Selective Review From a Social Cognitive Perspective.Policy insights from the behavioral and brain sciences · 2023Article
- Inclusion of Race and Ethnicity With Neighborhood Socioeconomic Deprivation When Assessing COVID-19 Hospitalization Risk Among California Veterans Health Administration Users.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Youth Lens: Youth Perspectives on the COVID-19 Pandemic and its Impact on Well-being in an Urban Community.International journal on child maltreatment : research, policy and practice · 2022Article
- Advance Care Planning and Treatment Intensity Before Death Among Black, Hispanic, and White Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19.Journal of general internal medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Although Black Americans are not substantially more likely to be diagnosed with COVID-19, hospitalization rates and death rates are considerably higher than for White Americans. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between systemic racism generally, and residential segregation in particular, and racial/ethnic disparities in deaths due to COVID-19. Methods: To assess racial disparities in COVID-19 and systemic racism in US states, we calculated descriptive statistics and bivariate Pearson correlations. Using data on deaths through December 2020, we developed a weighted logistic mixed model to assess whether state-level systemic racism generally and residential segregation, in particular, predicted the probability of COVID-19 deaths among Americans, considering key sociodemographic factors. Results: Residential segregation is a stronger predictor of COVID-19 deaths among Black Americans, as compared to systemic racism more generally. Looking at the interaction between residential segregation and COVID-19 death rates by race, residential segregation is associated with negative outcomes for Black and White Americans, but disproportionately impacts Black state residents (P<.001), who have 2.14 times higher odds of dying from COVID-19 when residential segregation is increased. Conclusion: To understand and address disparities in infectious disease, researchers and public health practitioners should acknowledge how different forms of systemic racism shape health outcomes in the United States. More attention should be given to the mechanisms by which infectious disease pandemics exacerbate health disparities in areas of high residential segregation and should inform more targeted health policies. Such policy changes stand to make all American communities more resilient in the face of new and emerging infectious diseases.
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