SynthesisBMJ global health2022
Economic burden of female genital mutilation in 27 high-prevalence countries.
Synthesis in BMJ global health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Exploring the health complications of female genital mutilation through a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of female genital mutilation and associated factors among women and girls in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2024Pooled it
- The global prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting: A systematic review and meta-analysis of national, regional, facility, and school-based studies.PLoS medicine · 2022Pooled it
- The Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation on Psycho-Social Well-Being: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Research.Qualitative health research · 2021Pooled it
- Women's knowledge and attitudes toward female genital mutilation and associated factors in Diguna Fango, a rural district in southern Ethiopia: a community-based mixed study.Frontiers in global women's health · 2025Article
- Female genital mutilation: trends, economic burden of delay and basis for public health interventions.International journal for equity in health · 2024Article
- The need for and acceptability of a curriculum to train nursing and medical students in the sexual healthcare of clients with female genital mutilation/cutting in Tanzania.BMC women's health · 2024Article
- Female genital mutilation/cutting: going beyond urogynecologic complications and obstetric outcomes.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2023Review
- Prevalence and drivers of female genital mutilation/cutting in three coastal governorates in Yemen.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Article
- Lessons learnt in scaling up evidence-based comprehensive health sector responses addressing female genital mutilation in highly prevalent settings.BMJ global health · 2023Article
- Prevalence, knowledge, attitude, motivators and intentional practice of female genital mutilation among women of reproductive age: a community-based analytical cross-sectional study in Tanzania.BMC women's health · 2023Article
- Article
- Turning the tide on female genital mutilation in a high prevalence country: a programmatic data analysis for Sudan's comprehensive health sector response, 2016-2018.BMJ global health · 2022Review
- New research on the global prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting: Research, clinical, and policy implications.PLoS medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFemale genital mutilation (FGM) is a traditional harmful practice affecting 200 million women and girls globally. Health complications of FGM occur immediately and over time, and are associated with healthcare costs that are poorly understood. Quantifying the global FGM-related burden is essential for supporting programmes and policies for prevention and mitigation.
methodsHealth complications of FGM are derived from a meta-analysis and stratified by acute, uro-gynaecological, obstetric and psychological/sexual. Treatment costs are calculated from national cohort models of 27 high-burden countries over 30 years. Savings associated with full/partial abandonment are compared with a current incidence reference scenario, assuming no changes in FGM practices.
resultsOur model projects an increasing burden of FGM due to population growth. As a reference scenario assuming no change in practices, prevalent cases in 27 countries will rise from 119.4 million (2018) to 205.8 million (2047). Full abandonment could reduce this to 80.0 million (2047), while partial abandonment is insufficient to reduce cases. Current incidence economic burden is US$1.4 billion/year, rising to US$2.1 billion/year in 2047. Full abandonment would reduce the future burden to US$0.8 billion/year by 2047.
conclusionFGM is a human rights violation, a public health issue and a substantial economic burden that can be avoided through effective prevention strategies. While decreasing trends are observed in some countries, these trends are variable and not consistently observed across settings. Additional resources are needed to prevent FGM to avoid human suffering and growing costs. The findings of this study warrant increased political commitment and investment in the abandonment of FGM.
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