ArticleBMC nephrology2022
Using dipstick urinalysis to predict development of acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19.
Article in BMC nephrology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global geographic and socioeconomic disparities in COVID-associated acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2025Pooled it
- Acute and chronic kidney injury following COVID-19 infection and vaccination: a narrative review.European journal of translational myology · 2026Article
- Changes in urine dipstick proteinuria and risk of dialysis-requiring acute kidney injury and subsequent ESRD.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 PCR cycle threshold value at admission might not be a good predictor of in-hospital COVID-19-associated AKI.Journal of general and family medicine · 2024Article
- The development of lateral flow devices for urinary biomarkers to assess kidney health.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Acute kidney injury in hospitalized children with proteinuria: A multicenter retrospective analysis.PloS one · 2024Article
- Article
- Risk factors, clinical characteristics and prognostic value of acute kidney injury in COVID-19 compared with influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus.Journal of nephrology · 2023Article
- Validation of a predictive model for hospital-acquired acute kidney injury with emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants.Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research · 2023Article
- The Investigation of Kidney Involvement in 430 Hospitalized Patients with Omicron COVID-19 in Tianjin, China.Blood purification · 2023Article
- Urinalysis, but Not Blood Biochemistry, Detects the Early Renal Impairment in Patients with COVID-19.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Development and validation of a nomogram for the early prediction of acute kidney injury in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and may require renal replacement therapy (RRT). Dipstick urinalysis is frequently obtained, but data regarding the prognostic value of hematuria and proteinuria for kidney outcomes is scarce.
methodsPatients with positive severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) PCR, who had a urinalysis obtained on admission to one of 20 hospitals, were included. Nested models with degree of hematuria and proteinuria were used to predict AKI and RRT during admission. Presence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and baseline serum creatinine were added to test improvement in model fit.
resultsOf 5,980 individuals, 829 (13.9%) developed an AKI during admission, and 149 (18.0%) of those with AKI received RRT. Proteinuria and hematuria degrees significantly increased with AKI severity (P < 0.001 for both). Any degree of proteinuria and hematuria was associated with an increased risk of AKI and RRT. In predictive models for AKI, presence of CKD improved the area under the curve (AUC) (95% confidence interval) to 0.73 (0.71, 0.75), P < 0.001, and adding baseline creatinine improved the AUC to 0.85 (0.83, 0.86), P < 0.001, when compared to the base model AUC using only proteinuria and hematuria, AUC = 0.64 (0.62, 0.67). In RRT models, CKD status improved the AUC to 0.78 (0.75, 0.82), P < 0.001, and baseline creatinine improved the AUC to 0.84 (0.80, 0.88), P < 0.001, compared to the base model, AUC = 0.72 (0.68, 0.76). There was no significant improvement in model discrimination when both CKD and baseline serum creatinine were included.
conclusionsProteinuria and hematuria values on dipstick urinalysis can be utilized to predict AKI and RRT in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We derived formulas using these two readily available values to help prognosticate kidney outcomes in these patients. Furthermore, the incorporation of CKD or baseline creatinine increases the accuracy of these formulas.
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