ArticleAnnals of human biology2021
Infant sex differences in human milk intake and composition from 1- to 3-month post-delivery in a healthy United States cohort.
Article in Annals of human biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Associations of human milk lactoferrin with measures of physical growth in very preterm infants.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Article
- Concentration and Intakes of Macronutrients from Human Milk Do Not Differ by Infant Sex in Australian and Danish Cohorts.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Impact of Diet and Maternal Obesity on Human Milk Hyaluronan.Nutrients · 2025Article
- From Mother-Fetus Dyad to Mother-Milk-Infant Triad: Sex Differences in Macronutrient Composition of Breast Milk.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Impact of Breastfeeding Practices on Autistic Traits in Chinese Children Aged from 3 to 4 Years: Cross-Sectional Study.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Investigation of Relationships between Intakes of Human Milk Total Lipids and Metabolic Hormones and Infant Sex and Body Composition.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Es Niño o Niña?: Gender Differences in Feeding Practices and Obesity Risk among Latino Infants.Current developments in nutrition · 2024Article
- Sex-Specific Differences in Nutrient Intake in Late Preterm Infants.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Human milk immune factors, maternal nutritional status, and infant sex: The INSPIRE study.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2023Article
- Human Milk Nutrient Composition Data is Critically Lacking in the United States and Canada: Results from a Systematic Scoping Review of 2017-2022.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Article
- Associations between breast milk intake volume, macronutrient intake and infant growth in a longitudinal birth cohort: the Cambridge Baby Growth and Breastfeeding Study (CBGS-BF).The British journal of nutrition · 2023Article
- Stability of Human-Milk Oligosaccharide Concentrations Over 1 Week of Lactation and Over 6 Hours Following a Standard Meal.The Journal of nutrition · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMacronutrient composition of human milk differs by infant sex, but few studies have examined sex differences in other milk components, or their potential modification by maternal body mass index (BMI).
aimWe compared milk intake and human milk hormone and cytokine concentrations at 1- and 3-month post-delivery and tested infant sex by maternal BMI (OW/OB SUBJECTS AND
methodData were analysed for 346 mother-infant dyads in the Mothers and Infants Linked for Healthy Growth (MILk) Study at 1- and 3-month post-delivery. Infant milk intake was estimated by the change in infant weight after test feedings. Concentrations of glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured using ELISA. Multivariable linear regression and linear mixed models were used to estimate sex main effects and their interaction with maternal BMI.
resultsMean glucose concentration at 1 month was 2.62 mg/dl higher for male infants, but no difference at 3 months was observed. Milk intake and concentrations for the other milk components were similar for males and females at both time points. Associations with infant sex did not differ significantly by maternal BMI.
conclusionsAmong healthy United States mother-infant dyads, appetite, and growth-regulating factors in human milk did not differ significantly by infant sex.
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