Trial reportJournal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology2022
Breast Cancers Are Immunogenic: Immunologic Analyses and a Phase II Pilot Clinical Trial Using Mutation-Reactive Autologous Lymphocytes.
Trial report in Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01174121 (A Phase II Study Using Short-Term Cultured, Autologous Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Following a Lymphodepleting Regimen in Metastatic Cancers Plus the Administration of Pembrolizumab), which is not on this map. Cited by 127 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Phase II Study Using Short-Term Cultured, Autologous Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Following a Lymphodepleting Regimen in Metastatic Cancers Plus the Administration of Pembrolizumab
Who cites it
127 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 167 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy, safety, and characteristics of adoptive tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy in solid tumours: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Pooled it
- Neoantigen-specific tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in gastrointestinal cancers: a phase 2 trial.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- Tumor-infiltrated double-negative regulatory T cells predict outcome of T cell-based immunotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Trial
- Adoptive transfer of personalized neoantigen-reactive TCR-transduced T cells in metastatic colorectal cancer: phase 2 trial interim results.Nature medicine · 2024Trial
- Preclinical proof of concept for a personalized SNAP™-TIL (Specific Neo-Antigen Peptides-TIL) therapy platform.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- The immunology of human breast cancer.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Simultaneous gene engineering of T cells with multiple neoantigen-specific T cell receptors for adoptive cell transfer.Molecular therapy. Advances · 2026Article
- Harnessing immunity against breast cancer: from checkpoints to cell therapies.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay as a gatekeeper of neoantigen expression: Bridging RNA surveillance and tumor immunotherapy.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- The challenge and promise of studying human antigen-specific T cells.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- PD-1 and TIGIT coexpression enables selective enrichment of clonally expanded tumor-reactive CD8 T cells for melanoma TIL therapy.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Hallmarks and correlates of effective adoptive cell immunotherapy for cancer.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Liver Metastasectomy to Obtain Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes: Technical Considerations and Report on Single-Center Experience.Annals of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Advances in cell therapy for solid tumours: European perspective and future directions.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2026Review
- Metformin drives HIF-1α-mediated dual metabolic reprogramming to enhance γδ T cell therapy in triple-negative breast cancer.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- Vaccination rescues dysfunctional T cell therapy by amplifying rare stem-like antitumor CD8Research square · 2026Article
- The opportunities and barriers for developing tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy for patients with advanced genitourinary cancers.Nature reviews. Urology · 2026Review
- Optimal transport analysis of high-dimensional flow cytometry data in immuno-oncology.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Harnessing the immune system: future directions in cancer immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy in triple-negative breast cancer: from mechanistic exploration to clinical translation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
67 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
26 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeMetastatic breast cancer (mBrCa) is most often an incurable disease with only modest responses to available immunotherapies. This study investigates the immunogenicity of somatic mutations in breast cancer and explores the therapeutic efficacy in a pilot trial of mutation-reactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in patients with metastatic disease. PATIENTS AND
methodsForty-two patients with mBrCa refractory to previous lines of treatment underwent surgical resection of a metastatic lesion(s), isolation of TIL cultures, identification of exomic nonsynonymous tumor mutations, and immunologic screening for neoantigen reactivity. Clinically eligible patients with appropriate reactivity were enrolled into one cohort of an ongoing phase II pilot trial of adoptive cell transfer of selected neoantigen-reactive TIL, with a short course of pembrolizumab (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01174121).
resultsTILs were isolated and grown in culture from the resected lesions of all 42 patients with mBrCa, and a median number of 112 (range: 6-563) nonsynonymous mutations per patient were identified. Twenty-eight of 42 (67%) patients contained TIL that recognized at least one immunogenic somatic mutation (median: 3 neoantigens per patient, range: 1-11), and 13 patients demonstrated robust reactivity appropriate for adoptive transfer. Eight patients remained clinically eligible for treatment, and six patients were enrolled on a protocol of adoptive cell transfer of enriched neoantigen-specific TIL, in combination with pembrolizumab (≤ 4 doses). Objective tumor regression was noted in three patients, including one complete response (now ongoing over 5.5 years) and two partial responses (6 and 10 months).
conclusionMost patients with breast cancer generated a natural immune response targeting the expressed products of their cancer mutations. Adoptive transfer of TIL is a highly personalized experimental option for patients with mBrCa shown to be capable of mediating objective responses in this pilot trial and deserves further study.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.