Observational studyInternational urology and nephrology2022
The role of occlusion and micro-incontinence in the pathogenesis of penile lichen sclerosus: an observational study of pro-inflammatory cytokines' gene expression.
Observational study in International urology and nephrology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Molecular Mechanisms in the Etiopathology of Lichen Sclerosus: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Genital Lichen Sclerosus: From Hidden Mechanisms to Healing Horizons.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- External genital morphology and urethral stricture severity in adult male genital lichen sclerosus: a single-center retrospective study of 134 cases.World journal of urology · 2026Article
- Immunological aspects and quality of life among patients with lichen sclerosus.Skin health and disease · 2026Review
- Adult Circumcision for Symptomatic Phimosis in Poland: Six-Month Patient-Reported Sexual Function and Psychosocial Outcomes from a Central European Low-Circumcision Setting.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Integrating genomic structural equation modeling and experimental validation to unravel the genetic basis of male genital lichen sclerosus.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- IL-12 as a Potential Prognostic Marker in Penile Cancer: Implications for Immune Dysregulation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Penile microbiome in histopathologically confirmed lichen sclerosus: a comparative study of urethral and preputial swabs.World journal of urology · 2025Article
- Multi-omics analysis unveiled fibroblast-mediated pathogenesis in male genital lichen sclerosus.Cell & bioscience · 2025Article
- Article
- Cytokine Networks in Lichen Sclerosus: A Roadmap for Diagnosis and Treatment?International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Inflammation in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Comparing the tissue properties of human buccal mucosa and penile skin flap: insights for urethral graft substitution.World journal of urology · 2025Article
- Unique genital microbiota in male lichen sclerosus urethral stricture associated with urine exposure.BMC microbiology · 2024Article
- Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals a Unique Fibroblastic Subset and Immune Disorder in Lichen Sclerosus Urethral Stricture.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Article
- Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression in Penile Cancer: Preliminary Studies.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Article
- A Potential Protective Effect of Alcohol Consumption in Male Genital Lichen Sclerosus: A Case-Control Study.Advances in urology · 2023Article
- Altered mRNA Expression of NFKB1 and NFKB2 Genes in Penile Lichen Sclerosus, Penile Cancer and Zoon Balanitis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Have been the incidence and consequences of penile lichen sclerosus still underestimated?Translational andrology and urology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo assess the expression of selected cytokines in penile lichen sclerosus (PLS) and associate them with the occurrence of micro-incontinence (MI) in different stages of PLS.
methodsThe skin biopsies from 49 PLS affected, and 13 from nonlesional foreskins (healthy control adult males undergoing circumcision due to phimosis caused by short frenulum) were obtained. All specimens were used for RNA extraction and RT-qPCR. Quantitative assessment of the gene expression of interleukin 1-A (IL-1A), interleukin 1-B (IL-1B), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN), interleukin 6 (IL-6), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), and interferon-gamma (INF-γ) was performed. To determinate the presence of MI, the patients were asked about voiding patterns, especially leaking tiny drops of urine from the urethral meatus after urination.
resultsIL-1A, IL-6, and INF-γ mRNA levels were approximately 150, 16, and 59 times higher in PLS than in control samples, respectively. The highest IL-1A mRNA levels were observed in early PLS (n = 13), INF-γ in moderate PLS (n = 32), while IL-6 in severe PLS (n = 4). MI was noted in 45 PLS patients vs. 0 in control (p < 0.0001). IL-1A and IL-6 vs control ratios were concentration (ca.) 400 and 30 times higher, respectively, in MI PLS samples than in PLS without MI.
conclusionOcclusion and irritating urine effect are associated with the clinical progression of penile LS with increased mRNA expression of IL-1A, INF-γ, and IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokines in the foreskin.
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