Observational studyPediatrics2022
COVID-19 and Antibiotic Prescribing in Pediatric Primary Care.
Observational study in Pediatrics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Increased Pediatric Head and Neck Abscesses Following the COVID-19 Pandemic.The Laryngoscope · 2026Article
- Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Outcomes of a Multifaceted Program on Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Care Among Children Under Three Years of Age.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Treatment Patterns, Cough Formulations, and Antibiotics Usage for Pediatric Acute Cough in India: A Real-World Study.Journal of pharmacy & bioallied sciences · 2025Article
- Trends in antibiotic dispensing for children in Belgian ambulatory care: time series analysis before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Article
- Antibacterial consumption before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic in a tertiary care pediatric hospital in Mexico.PloS one · 2025Article
- Three-year impact of COVID-19 pandemic on hospitalized twin pregnancies: evaluation of characteristics and changes in antibiotic prescribing.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Advances in pediatrics in 2023: choices in allergy, analgesia, cardiology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, genetics, global health, hematology, infectious diseases, neonatology, neurology, pulmonology.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2024Review
- Changes in the Appropriateness of US Outpatient Antibiotic Prescribing After the COVID-19 Outbreak: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis of 2016-2021 Data.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Article
- Antibiotic Receipt for Pediatric Telemedicine Visits With Primary Care vs Direct-to-Consumer Vendors.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Provider-ordered viral testing and antibiotic administration practices among children with acute respiratory infections across healthcare settings in Nashville, Tennessee.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2024Article
- Leading reasons for antibiotic prescriptions in pediatric respiratory infections: influence of fever in a primary care setting.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2023Observational
- Impact of COVID-19 on broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing for common infections in primary care in England: a time-series analyses using OpenSAFELY and effects of predictors including deprivation.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2023Article
- Reduced burden of antibiotic prescription in an italian pediatric primary care clinic during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic: a shot in the arm for antimicrobial resistance?Italian journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- Antibiotic Receipt During Outpatient Visits for COVID-19 in the US, From 2020 to 2022.JAMA health forum · 2023Article
- Antibiotics prescribed for young children fell when COVID-19 restrictions were in place.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2023Article
- Article
- The Gut Microbiome of Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic.Microorganisms · 2022Review
- Quality of antibiotic prescribing to children through the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectivesWith the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, pediatric ambulatory encounter volume and antibiotic prescribing both decreased; however, the durability of these reductions in pediatric primary care in the United States has not been assessed.
methodsWe conducted a retrospective observational study to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated public health measures on antibiotic prescribing in 27 pediatric primary care practices. Encounters from January 1, 2018, through June 30, 2021, were included. The primary outcome was monthly antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 patients. Interrupted time series analysis was performed.
resultsThere were 69 327 total antibiotic prescriptions from April through December in 2019 and 18 935 antibiotic prescriptions during the same months in 2020, a 72.7% reduction. The reduction in prescriptions at visits for respiratory tract infection (RTI) accounted for 87.3% of this decrease. Using interrupted time series analysis, overall antibiotic prescriptions decreased from 31.6 to 6.4 prescriptions per 1000 patients in April 2020 (difference of -25.2 prescriptions per 1000 patients; 95% CI: -32.9 to -17.5). This was followed by a nonsignificant monthly increase in antibiotic prescriptions, with prescribing beginning to rebound from April to June 2021. Encounter volume also immediately decreased, and while overall encounter volume quickly started to recover, RTI encounter volume returned more slowly.
conclusionsReductions in antibiotic prescribing in pediatric primary care during the COVID-19 pandemic were sustained, only beginning to rise in 2021, primarily driven by reductions in RTI encounters. Reductions in viral RTI transmission likely played a substantial role in reduced RTI visits and antibiotic prescriptions.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.