ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2022
The number of tree species on Earth.
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Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 61 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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61citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
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Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Meta-analysis of the responses of tree and herb to elevated COScientific reports · 2023Pooled it
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- Multiple Shoot Bud Induction and Plant Regeneration inPlants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Molecular mechanism of cold acclimation regulating freezing tolerance in Prunus mume.Plant physiology · 2026Article
- Functional group classification using consensus clustering.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Biodiversity resilience in a tropical rainforest.Nature · 2026Article
- Informing spatial conservation prioritization with species' traits.Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology · 2026Article
- Estimating global bee species richness and taxonomic gaps.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Pantropical moist forests are converging towards a middle leaf longevity.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Aboveground biomass in seven tropical forest patches of Western-Africa: comparison of manual inventory and terrestrial laser scanning.Annals of forest science · 2026Article
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- Contrasting pathways to tree longevity in gymnosperms and angiosperms.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Potential Sustainability and Stress Resilience of Forest Trees Induced by Nanotechnology Applications.Plant-environment interactions (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Review
- Lidar reveals distinct insect daily activity and diversity between habitats.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Multifaceted Assessment of Amazonian Tree Diversity Reveals Pervasive Impacts of Human Modification.Global change biology · 2025Article
- Genetic diversity and population structure of the vulnerable medicinal tree Saraca asoca in the Western Ghats India.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Tree species hyperdominance and rarity in the South American Cerrado.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
148 authors.
Roberto Cazzolla GattiDepartment of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.ORCID 0000-0001-5130-8492
Peter B ReichDepartment of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108; preich@umn.edu albeca.liang@gmail.com.ORCID 0000-0003-4424-662X
Javier G P GamarraForestry Department, FAO, Rome 00153, Italy.
Tom CrowtherInstitute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
Cang HuiCentre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa.ORCID 0000-0002-3660-8160
Albert MoreraDepartment of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida 25198 Lleida, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-6777-169X
Jean-Francois BastinTERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux 5030, Belgium.
Sergio de-MiguelDepartment of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida 25198 Lleida, Spain.ORCID 0000-0002-9738-0657
Gert-Jan NabuursForest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands.
Jens-Christian SvenningCenter for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.ORCID 0000-0002-3415-0862
Josep M Serra-DiazAgroParisTech, INRAE, Silva, Université de Lorraine 5400 Nancy, France.ORCID 0000-0003-1988-1154
Cory MerowDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT 06268.
Brian EnquistDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721.
Maria KamenetskyDepartment of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53704.
Junho LeeStatistics Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia.
Jun ZhuDepartment of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.
Jinyun FangInstitute of Botany, CAS, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
Douglass F JacobsDepartment of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
Bryan PijanowskiDepartment of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
Arindam BanerjeeDepartment of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801.
Robert A GiaquintoDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108.
Giorgio AlbertiDepartment of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine 33100, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-2422-3009
Angelica Maria Almeyda ZambranoSpatial Ecology and Conservation Lab, Department of Tourism, Hospitality, and Events Management, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.
Esteban Alvarez-DavilaEscuela de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Nacional (Colombia) Abierta y a Distancia, Bogotá 2102, Colombia.
Alejandro Araujo-MurakamiMuseo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Rene Moreno, Casilla 2489, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Valerio AvitabileEuropean Commission, Joint Research Centre 21027 Ispra, Italy.
Gerardo A AymardCompensation International Progress S. A.-Ciprogress Greenlife, Bogotá, Colombia.
Radomir BalazyDepartment of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Raszyn 05-090, Poland.
Chris BaralotoInternational Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33133.
Jorcely G BarrosoForest Science Laboratory, Multidisciplinary Center, Universidade Federal do Acre, Cruzeiro do Sul 69920-900, Brazil.
Meredith L BastianProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., Washington, DC 20001.
Philippe BirnbaumAMAP, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier 34090, France.
Robert BitarihoInstitute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Kabale, Uganda.
Jan BogaertTERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux 5030, Belgium.
Frans BongersForest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-8431-6189
Olivier BouriaudIntegrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control, University Stefan cel Mare of Suceava 720229 Suceava, Romania.ORCID 0000-0002-8046-466X
Pedro H S BrancalionDepartment of Forest Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0001-8245-4062
Francis Q BrearleyDepartment of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, United Kingdom.
Eben North BroadbentSpatial Ecology and Conservation Lab, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.
Filippo BussottiDepartment of Agriculture, Alimentation, Environment and Forestry, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze 50144, Italy.
Wendeson Castro da SilvaAmazonia Green Landscape Protection and Governance Programme, SOS Amazônia, Rio Branco 69905-082, Brazil.
Ricardo Gomes CésarDepartment of Forest Sciences, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0002-3392-8089
Goran ČešljarDepartment of Spatial Regulation, GIS and Forest Policy, Institute of Forestry 11030 Belgrade, Serbia.
Víctor Chama MoscosoUniversidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco 08000, Peru.
Han Y H ChenFaculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada P7B 5E1.ORCID 0000-0001-9477-5541
Emil CiencialaInstitute of Forest Ecosystem Research 254 01 Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic.ORCID 0000-0002-1254-4254
Connie J ClarkNicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708.
David A CoomesDepartment of Plant Sciences in the Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-8261-2582
Selvadurai DayanandanQuebec Center for Biodiversity Sciences, Centre for Sustainability Research, CSFG and Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, ON QC H3G 1M8, Canada.
Mathieu DecuyperLaboratory for Geoinformation Science and Remote Sensing, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands.
Laura E DeeEcology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106.
Jhon Del Aguila PasquelInstituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana, Iquitos, Peru.
Géraldine DerroireCirad, UMREcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane) 97 310 Kourou, French Guiana.
Marie Noel Kamdem DjuikouoDepartment of Plant Science, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon.ORCID 0000-0003-0064-5151
Tran Van DoSilviculture Rearch Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam.ORCID 0000-0001-9059-5842
Jiri DolezalInstitute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Science 25243 Průhonice, Czech Republic.
Ilija Đ ĐorđevićDepartment of Spatial Regulation, GIS and Forest Policy, Institute of Forestry 11030 Belgrade, Serbia.
Julien EngelAMAP, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5 F-34398, France.
Tom M FayleSchool of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom.
Ted R FeldpauschCollege of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PY, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-6631-7962
Jonas K FridmanDepartment of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala 750 07, Sweden.
David J HarrisRoyal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, United Kingdom.
Andreas HempDepartment of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
Geerten HengeveldBiometris & Forest and Nature Policy Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands.
Bruno HeraultCIRAD, UPR Forêts et Sociétés, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire.
Martin HeroldLaboratory for Geoinformation Science and Remote Sensing, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands.
Thomas IbanezInstitut Agronomique néo-Calédonien, Equipe Sol & Végétation 98800, New Caledonia.
Andrzej M JagodzinskiInstitute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kornik 62-035, Poland.
Bogdan JaroszewiczBiałowieża Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw 17-230, Poland.ORCID 0000-0002-2042-8245
Kathryn J JefferyFaculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-2632-0008
Vivian Kvist JohannsenDepartment of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen 1165, Denmark.
Tommaso JuckerSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom.
Ahto KangurInstitute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51006, Estonia.
Victor N KarminovCenter for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
Kuswata KartawinataIntegrative Research Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605.
Deborah K KennardDepartment of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO 81501-3122.ORCID 0000-0003-4842-8260
Sebastian Kepfer-RojasDepartment of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1017, Denmark.
Gunnar KeppelUniSA STEM and Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia 5001 Adelaide, Australia.
Mohammed Latif KhanDepartment of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, India.
Pramod Kumar KhareDepartment of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Madhya Pradesh Sagar-470003, India.
Timothy J KileenMuseo de Historia natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.
Hyun Seok KimDepartment of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea.ORCID 0000-0002-3440-6071
Henn KorjusInstitute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51006, Estonia.
Amit KumarDepartment of Geoinformatics, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi 835205, Jharkhand, India.
Ashwani KumarDepartment of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar 470003, India.
Diana LaarmannInstitute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51006, Estonia.
Nicolas LabrièreLaboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR 5174 (CNRS/IRD/UPS) 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.ORCID 0000-0002-8037-2001
Mait LangInstitute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51006, Estonia.
Simon L LewisSchool of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
Natalia LukinaCenter for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
Brian S MaitnerDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721.ORCID 0000-0002-2118-9880
Yadvinder MalhiEnvironmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-3503-4783
Andrew R MarshallForest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs QLD 4556, Australia.
Olga V MartynenkoAll-Russian Institute of Continuous Education in Forestry 141200 Pushkino, Moscow region, Russia.
Abel L Monteagudo MendozaUniversidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru.
Petr V OntikovFSBI "ROSLESINFORG," 141208 Ivanteevka, Moscow region, Russia.
Edgar Ortiz-MalavasiEscuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Insttuto Tecnologico de Costa Rica, Cartago 30101, Costa Rica.
Nadir C Pallqui CamachoUniversidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, Peru.
Alain PaquetteDépartement des sciences biologiques, Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8.
Minjee ParkDepartment of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
Narayanaswamy ParthasarathyDepartment of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India.
Pablo Luis PeriInstituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria-Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral-CONICET, Río Gallegos CP 9400, Argentina.ORCID 0000-0002-5398-4408
Pascal PetronelliCirad, UMREcoFoG (Agroparistech, CNRS, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane) 97 310 Kourou, French Guiana.
Sebastian PfautschUrban Ecosystem Research, School of Social Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
Oliver L PhillipsSchool of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-8993-6168
Nicolas PicardForestry Department, FAO, Rome 00153, Italy.
Daniel PiottoLaboratory of Tropical Dendrology and Forestry, Training Center in Agroforestry Sciences, Federal University of Southern Bahia, Ilheus 45613-204, Brazil.
Lourens PoorterForest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0003-1391-4875
John R PoulsenNicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708.ORCID 0000-0002-1532-9808
Hans PretzschSchool of Life Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Yield Science, Technical University of Munich 85354 Freising, Germany.
Hirma Ramírez-AnguloInstituto de Investigaciones paa el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela.
Zorayda Restrepo CorreaEscuela Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.
Mirco RodeghieroAgriculture Food Environment Centre (C3A), University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige 38122, Italy.
Rocío Del Pilar Rojas GonzálesHerbario Selva Central (HOXA), Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco Mz.E-6, Peru.
Samir G RolimLaboratory of Tropical Dendrology and Forestry, Training Center in Agroforestry Sciences, Federal University of Southern Bahia, Ilheus 45613-204, Brazil.
Francesco RoveroDepartment of Biology, University of Florence 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
Ervan RutishauserInfoFlora, Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique de Genève 1292 Chambesy, Switzerland.
Purabi SaikiaDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi 835205, India.
Christian Salas-EljatibCentro de Modelacion y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Universidad Mayor, Universidad de La Frontera, Santiago, Chile.ORCID 0000-0002-8468-0829
Dmitry SchepaschenkoSukachev Institute of Forest of the SB Russian Academy of Sciences 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia.ORCID 0000-0002-7814-4990
Michael Scherer-LorenzenFaculty of Biology, Geobotany, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
Vladimír ŠebeňNational Forest Centre 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia.
Marcos SilveiraLaboratory of Botany and Plant Ecology, Center of Biological and Nature Sciences, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco 69920-900, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0003-0485-7872
Ferry SlikEnvironmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam BE1410 Gadong, Brunei.ORCID 0000-0003-3988-7019
Bonaventure SonkéPlant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.ORCID 0000-0002-4310-3603
Alexandre F SouzaCB, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Brazil.
Krzysztof Jan StereńczakDepartment of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Raszyn 05-090, Poland.
Miroslav SvobodaFaculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague 16521 Prague, Czech Republic.
Hermann TaedoumgDepartment of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.
Nadja TchebakovaSukachev Institute of Forest of the SB Russian Academy of Sciences 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
John TerborghDepartment of Biology and Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.ORCID 0000-0003-1853-8311
Elena TikhonovaCenter for Forest Ecology and Productivity of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia.
Armando Torres-LezamaInstituto de Investigaciones paa el Desarrollo Forestal, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela.
Fons van der PlasSystematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Rodolfo VásquezHerbario Selva Central (HOXA), Jardín Botánico de Missouri, Oxapampa, Pasco Mz.E-6, Peru.
Helder VianaCentre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados 5000-801 Vila Real, Viseu, Portugal.
Alexander C VibransDepartment of Forest Engineering, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau-Santa Catarina 89030, Brazil.
Emilio VilanovaDepartment of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720.
Vincent A VosUniversidad Autónoma del Beni, Riberalta, Beni 2W3Q+VHJ, Bolivia.
Hua-Feng WangKey Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
Bertil WesterlundDepartment of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 750 07, Sweden.
Lee J T WhiteMinistere des Eaux, des Forets, de la Mer et de l'Environnement chargé du Plan Climat et Objectifs de Development Durable, Estuaire Libreville, Gabon.
Susan K WiserManaaki Whenua-Landcare Research, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand.ORCID 0000-0002-8938-8181
Tomasz Zawiła-NiedźwieckiState Forests-Coordination Centre for Environmental Projects, Warsaw 02-362, Poland.
Lise ZemaghoPlant Systematic and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Higher Teachers' Training College, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.
Zhi-Xin ZhuKey Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
Irié C Zo-BiDépartement FOREN, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Yamoussoukro BP 1093, Côte d'Ivoire.
Jingjing LiangDepartment of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907; preich@umn.edu albeca.liang@gmail.com.ORCID 0000-0001-9439-9320
Funding
From Rare to Care: Discovery, Modeling and Translation of Rare DiseasesR13TR002524 · NCATS · KEYSTONE SYMPOSIA · PI JARVIS, THALE CROSS · 2018 to 2018
$9kNCATS NIH HHS R13 TR002524
Abstract
One of the most fundamental questions in ecology is how many species inhabit the Earth. However, due to massive logistical and financial challenges and taxonomic difficulties connected to the species concept definition, the global numbers of species, including those of important and well-studied life forms such as trees, still remain largely unknown. Here, based on global ground-sourced data, we estimate the total tree species richness at global, continental, and biome levels. Our results indicate that there are ∼73,000 tree species globally, among which ∼9,000 tree species are yet to be discovered. Roughly 40% of undiscovered tree species are in South America. Moreover, almost one-third of all tree species to be discovered may be rare, with very low populations and limited spatial distribution (likely in remote tropical lowlands and mountains). These findings highlight the vulnerability of global forest biodiversity to anthropogenic changes in land use and climate, which disproportionately threaten rare species and thus, global tree richness.
Indexed as
Conservation of Natural ResourcesForestsEarth, PlanetTreesbiodiversityforestshyperdominancerarityrichness
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