ReviewCold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology2022
Sex Differences in Circadian Rhythms.
Review in Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Circadian rhythm disruption in cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of mechanistic evidence from animal models.BMC medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Chrono-optimizing vaccine administration: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Sleep patterns of Canadian women across the life course: A systematic review.Women's health (London, England)Pooled it
- Constant-routine protocol reveals an endogenous circadian rhythm in diet-induced thermogenesis with a peak in the biological morning.Metabolism: clinical and experimental · 2026Trial
- Circadian rhythm disruption by PARP inhibitors correlates with treatment toxicity in patients with ovarian cancer and is a predictor of side effects.EBioMedicine · 2025Trial
- Diurnal differences in urine flow in healthy young men in a light-controlled environment: a randomized crossover design.Journal of physiological anthropology · 2023Trial
- Circadian reprogramming of inflammation and metabolism in chronic kidney disease.Renal failure · 2026Article
- Chronic exposure to artificial light at night dampens rhythms in locomotor activity, metabolism, and sleep in female mice.Physiology & behavior · 2026Article
- Remodeling of the hepatic circadian transcriptome across the estrous cycle.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Brief high-fat diet exposure temporally reshapes affective behavior and prefrontal cortex function.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Circadian regulation of cardiovascular function: from physiology to clinical implications.Genome medicine · 2026Review
- PER2 reprograms intracellular cholesterol synthesis to inhibit oral squamous cell carcinoma and the chronotherapeutic efficacy of simvastatin.Cell death discovery · 2026Article
- Association Between Geomagnetic Activity and Unsuccessful Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.GeoHealth · 2026Article
- Melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance of 2 lx maintains and restores physiological and neurophysiological circadian rhythms in rats.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Systemic rhythmicity of host and bacterial bile acid amidates in the mouse.Cell systems · 2026Article
- Time-of-day effects on blood lactate levels following the Wingate anaerobic test in trained women athletes.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Occupational circadian disruption and brain structure: evidence from normative developmental brain lifespan trajectories.Brain structure & function · 2026Article
- Circadian regulation of gastrointestinal motility and the effect on disorders of gut-brain interaction.Journal of smooth muscle research = Nihon Heikatsukin Gakkai kikanshi · 2026Review
- Sex-specific transcriptional signatures of oxycodone persist during withdrawal and abstinence in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of heterogeneous stock rats.Addiction neuroscience · 2025Article
- Different Protocols of Circadian Rhythm Disruptions Differentially Affect Locomotor Activity, and Anxiety- and Compulsive-Like Behaviors in Male vs. Female Wistar Rats along with the Significant Involvement of GSK-3β in Females.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Sex as a biological variable is the focus of much literature and has been emphasized by the National Institutes of Health, in part, to remedy a long history of male-dominated studies in preclinical and clinical research. We propose that time-of-day is also a crucial biological variable in biomedical research. In common with sex differences, time-of-day should be considered in analyses and reported to improve reproducibility of studies and to provide the appropriate context to the conclusions. Endogenous circadian rhythms are present in virtually all living organisms, including bacteria, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. Virtually all physiological and behavioral processes display daily fluctuations in optimal performance that are driven by these endogenous circadian clocks; importantly, many of those circadian rhythms also show sex differences. In this review, we describe some of the documented sex differences in circadian rhythms.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.