SynthesisJournal of medical virology2022
The global case fatality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 by continents and national income: A meta-analysis.
Abstract readMeta-Analysis
In one paragraph
Synthesis in Journal of medical virology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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39citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
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Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- An examination of the relationship between risk perceptions, cultural-religious beliefs and coping during COVID-19 pandemic control in South Asian countries: a systematic review.BMC psychology · 2024Pooled it
- The global case fatality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 by continents and national income: A meta-analysis.Journal of medical virology · 2022Pooled it
- Dexamethasone and Nutraceutical Therapy Can Reduce the Myalgia Due to COVID-19 - a Systemic Review of the Active Substances that Can Reduce the Expression of Interlukin-6.Medical archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) · 2022Pooled it
- Study on the mortality risk and predictive model for COVID-19 inpatients with pneumonia manifestations.PeerJ · 2026Article
- Reduced functional independence and multimorbidity increases the risk of severe infection among older patients with Omicron: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Impact of COVID-19 on the Utilization of HIV Testing and Linkage Services in Sierra Leone: Experience from Three Public Health Facilities in Freetown.AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
- Article
- Case fatality rate considering the lag time from the onset of COVID-19 infection to related death from 2020 to 2022 in Japan.IJID regions · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 in Children.Clinics in chest medicine · 2023Review
- Article
- The role of the HLA allelic repertoire on the clinical severity of COVID-19 in Canadians, living in the Saskatchewan province.Human immunology · 2023Article
- Phylogenetic Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Bosnian-Herzegovinian Population Over the Period of Two Years.Acta informatica medica : AIM : journal of the Society for Medical Informatics of Bosnia & Herzegovina : casopis Drustva za medicinsku informatiku BiH · 2023Article
- The Role of Hemogram-derived Ratios in COVID-19 Severity Stratification in a Primary Healthcare Facility.Acta informatica medica : AIM : journal of the Society for Medical Informatics of Bosnia & Herzegovina : casopis Drustva za medicinsku informatiku BiH · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection in high-risk children following tixagevimab-cilgavimab (Evusheld) pre-exposure prophylaxis: a single-center observational study.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Article
- Heterologous vaccination with inactivated vaccine and mRNA vaccine augments antibodies against both spike and nucleocapsid proteins of SARS-CoV-2: a local study in Macao.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Experiences of environmental services workers in a tertiary hospital in Asia during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- The global case fatality rate due to COVID-19 in hospitalized elderly patients by sex, year, gross domestic product, and continent: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression.New microbes and new infections · 2023Review
- Public Health Dimensions of CVD Prevention and Control - Global Perspectives and Current Situation in the Federation of BiH.Materia socio-medica · 2023Article
- Early protective effect of a ("pan") coronavirus vaccine (PanCoVac) in Roborovski dwarf hamsters after single-low dose intranasal administration.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Predictive Model for National Minimal CFR during Spontaneous Initial Outbreak of Emerging Infectious Disease: Lessons from COVID-19 Pandemic in 214 Nations and Regions.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
90 authors.
Ramy Abou GhaydaUrology Institute, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Keum Hwa LeeDepartment of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Young Joo HanHospital Medicine Center, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea.
Seohyun RyuYonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Sung Hwi HongYonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Sojung YoonYonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Gwang Hum JeongCollege of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea.
Jae Won YangDepartment of Nephrology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea.
Hyo Jeong LeeYonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Jinhee LeeDepartment of Psychiatry, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea.
Jun Young LeeDepartment of Nephrology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea.
Maria EffenbergerDepartment of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
Michael EisenhutLuton & Dunstable University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Luton, UK.
Andreas KronbichlerDepartment of Internal Medicine IV, Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
Marco SolmiDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Han LiUniversity of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
Louis JacobFaculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France.
Ai KoyanagiResearch and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
Joaquim RaduaInstitut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
Myung Bae ParkDepartment of Gerontology Health and Welfare, Pai Chai University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
Sevda AghayevaDepartment of Gastroenterology, Azerbaijan Medical University School of Medicine, Baku, Azerbaijan.
Mohamed L C B AhmedResearch Unit in Epidemiology and Diversity of Microorganisms, Department of Biology, University of Nouakchott Al Aasriya, Nouakchott, Mauritania.
Abdulwahed Al SerouriYemen Field Epidemiology Training Program, Sana'a, Yemen.
Humaid O Al-ShamsiCollege of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
Mehrdad Amir-BehghadamiIranian Center of Excellence in Health Management (IceHM), School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
Oidov BaatarkhuuSchool of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mongolia.
Hyam BashourDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria.
Anastasiia BondarenkoShupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
Adrian Camacho-OrtizServicio de Infectología, Hospital Universitario "Dr José Eleuterio González", Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico.
Franz CastroDepartment of Research and Health Technology Assessment, Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City, Panama.
Horace CoxMinistry of Health Guyana, Georgetown, Guyana.
Hayk DavtyanTuberculosis Research and Prevention Center NGO, Yerevan, Armenia.
Kirk DouglasCentre for Biosecurity Studies, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, St. Michael, Barbados.
Elena DragiotiDepartment of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden.
Shahul EbrahimFaculty of Medicine, University of Sciences, Techniques, and Technology, Bamako, Mali.
Martina FerioliIRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy.
Harapan HarapanMedical Research Unit, School of Medicine Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.
Saad I MallahSchool of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen, Kingdom of Bahrain.
Aamer IkramNational Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Shigeru InoueDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
Slobodan JankovicDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
Umesh JayarajahPostgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka.ORCID 0000-0002-0398-5197
Milos JesenakDepartment of Pediatrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia.
Pramath KakodkarSchool of Medicine, National University of Galway Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
Yohannes KebedeDepartment of Health, Behavior, and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
Meron KifleCentre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
David KohSaw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Siangapore.
Visnja K MalesDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease in Split, Clinical Hospital Centre Split, School of Medicine Split, Šoltanska 1, Split, Croatia.
Katarzyna KotfisDepartment Anaesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
Sulaiman LakohCollege of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
Lowell LingDepartment of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Jorge Llibre-GuerraWashington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Masaki MachidaDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
Richard MakurumidzeDepartment of Community Medicine, Department of Primary Care Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Mohammed A MamunDepartment of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.ORCID 0000-0002-1728-8966
Izet MasicAcademy of Medical Sciences of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Hoang Van MinhCenter for Population Health Sciences, Hanoi University of Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Sergey MoiseevSechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
Thomas NadasdyDepartment of Dermatology, "St. Parascheva" Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, Galati, Romania.
Chen NahshonDepartment of Gynecologic Surgery and Oncology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
Silvio A Ñamendys-SilvaInstituto Nacional de Cancerología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.
Blaise N YongsiInstitute for Training & Research in Population Studies (IFORD), The University of Yaoundé II, Soa, Cameroon.
Henning B NielsenDepartment of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark.
Zita A NodjikouambayeMobile Laboratory for Hemorrhagic and Respiratory Viruses in Ndjamena, Ndjamena, Chad.
Ohnmar OhnmarDepartment of Medical Research (Lower Myanmar), Myanmar Health Ministry, Yangon, Myanmar.
Atte OksanenTampere University, Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland.ORCID 0000-0003-4143-5580
Oluwatomi OwopetuDepartment of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Konstantinos ParperisDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Cyprus Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus.
Gonzalo E PerezDivision of Cardiology, Clínica Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Krit PongpirulDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Marius RademakerWaikato Clinical School, Auckland University Medical School, Hamilton, New Zealand.
Sandro RosaCollege of Pharmacy, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Ranjit SahNational Public Health Laboratory, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Dina SallamDepartment of Pediatrics & pediatric nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
Patrick SchoberDepartment of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Tanu SinghalKokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai, India.
Silva TafajUniversity Hospital Shefqet Ndroqi, Tirana, Albania.
Irene TorresFundación Octaedro, Quito, Ecuador.
J Smith Torres-RomanUniversidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Perú.
Dimitrios TsartsalisDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Hippokratio Hospital, Athens, Greece.
Jadamba TsolmonMongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
Laziz TuychievThe Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
Batric VukcevicFaculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro.
Guy WanghiUnit of Physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Uwe WollinaDepartment of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Ren-He XuCentre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.
Lin YangDepartment of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Canada.
Zoubida ZaidiFaculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas, Setif, Algeria.
Lee SmithThe Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
Jae Il ShinDepartment of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.ORCID 0000-0003-2326-1820
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The aim of this study is to provide a more accurate representation of COVID-19's case fatality rate (CFR) by performing meta-analyses by continents and income, and by comparing the result with pooled estimates. We used multiple worldwide data sources on COVID-19 for every country reporting COVID-19 cases. On the basis of data, we performed random and fixed meta-analyses for CFR of COVID-19 by continents and income according to each individual calendar date. CFR was estimated based on the different geographical regions and levels of income using three models: pooled estimates, fixed- and random-model. In Asia, all three types of CFR initially remained approximately between 2.0% and 3.0%. In the case of pooled estimates and the fixed model results, CFR increased to 4.0%, by then gradually decreasing, while in the case of random-model, CFR remained under 2.0%. Similarly, in Europe, initially, the two types of CFR peaked at 9.0% and 10.0%, respectively. The random-model results showed an increase near 5.0%. In high-income countries, pooled estimates and fixed-model showed gradually increasing trends with a final pooled estimates and random-model reached about 8.0% and 4.0%, respectively. In middle-income, the pooled estimates and fixed-model have gradually increased reaching up to 4.5%. in low-income countries, CFRs remained similar between 1.5% and 3.0%. Our study emphasizes that COVID-19 CFR is not a fixed or static value. Rather, it is a dynamic estimate that changes with time, population, socioeconomic factors, and the mitigatory efforts of individual countries.
Indexed as
COVID-19AsiaEuropeHumansSARS-CoV-2Socioeconomic Factorscase fatality ratecontinentsCOVID-19proportion meta-analysis
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