ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Spike-Dependent Opsonization Indicates Both Dose-Dependent Inhibition of Phagocytosis and That Non-Neutralizing Antibodies Can Confer Protection to SARS-CoV-2.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 46 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
46 citing papers in PubMed, 60 citations in OpenAlex.
- Broad Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2: Current Progress and Engineering Strategies.Viruses · 2026Review
- Prognostic value of suPAR in a patient with chest pain in emergency department.Internal and emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Protective Potential and Functional Role of Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Article
- T-Cell-Dependent Bispecific IgGs Protect Aged Mice From Lethal SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Tixagevimab/cilgavimab or placebo for COVID-19 in ACTIV-2: Safety, pharmacokinetics and neutralizing and anti-drug antibodies.iScience · 2025Article
- The immunological impact of revaccination in a hybrid-immune world.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Neutralizing and enhancing monoclonal antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 convalescent patients: lessons from early variant infection and impact on shaping emerging variants.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Protective effect and molecular mechanisms of human non-neutralizing cross-reactive spike antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination.Cell reports · 2024Article
- NK Cell and Monocyte Dysfunction in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Article
- Discovery and characterization of a pan-betacoronavirus S2-binding antibody.Structure (London, England : 1993) · 2024Article
- Protective Non-neutralizing anti-N-terminal Domain mAb Maintains Fc-mediated Function against SARS-COV-2 Variants up to BA.2.86-JN.1 with Superfluous In Vivo Protection against JN.1 Due to Attenuated Virulence.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Article
- Single-shot dendritic cell targeting SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate induces broad, durable and protective systemic and mucosal immunity in mice.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2024Article
- The hinge-engineered IgG1-IgG3 hybrid subclass IgGhNature communications · 2024Article
- Beyond bNAbs: Uses, Risks, and Opportunities for Therapeutic Application of Non-Neutralising Antibodies in Viral Infection.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Protective effect and molecular mechanisms of human non-neutralizing cross-reactive spike antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 spike-FLIPr fusion protein plus lipidated FLIPr protects against various SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamsters.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Non-neutralizing functions in anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies.Biomedical journal · 2024Review
- Three immunizations with Novavax's protein vaccines increase antibody breadth and provide durable protection from SARS-CoV-2.NPJ vaccines · 2024Article
- Discovery and Characterization of a Pan-betacoronavirus S2-binding antibody.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
22 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Spike-specific antibodies are central to effective COVID19 immunity. Research efforts have focused on antibodies that neutralize the ACE2-Spike interaction but not on non-neutralizing antibodies. Antibody-dependent phagocytosis is an immune mechanism enhanced by opsonization, where typically, more bound antibodies trigger a stronger phagocyte response. Here, we show that Spike-specific antibodies, dependent on concentration, can either enhance or reduce Spike-bead phagocytosis by monocytes independently of the antibody neutralization potential. Surprisingly, we find that both convalescent patient plasma and patient-derived monoclonal antibodies lead to maximum opsonization already at low levels of bound antibodies and is reduced as antibody binding to Spike protein increases. Moreover, we show that this Spike-dependent modulation of opsonization correlate with the outcome in an experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection model. These results suggest that the levels of anti-Spike antibodies could influence monocyte-mediated immune functions and propose that non-neutralizing antibodies could confer protection to SARS-CoV-2 infection by mediating phagocytosis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.