ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Intralymphatic GAD-alum Injection Modulates B Cell Response and Induces Follicular Helper T Cells and PD-1+ CD8+ T Cells in Patients With Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetes.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intralymphatic glutamic acid decarboxylase administration in type 1 diabetes patients induced a distinctive early immune response in patients with DR3DQ2 haplotype.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- Artificial intelligence-driven therapeutics for disease modification in type 1 diabetes: a digital public health and clinical translation framework.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
- The role of programmed cell death 1 in autoimmune diseases: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- (TCRαβCells · 2025Review
- Disease-modifying pharmacological treatments of type 1 diabetes: Molecular mechanisms, target checkpoints, and possible combinatorial treatments.Pharmacological reviews · 2025Review
- Shifting the paradigm of type 1 diabetes: a narrative review of disease modifying therapies.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
- GABA and Combined GABA with GAD65-Alum Treatment Alters Th1 Cytokine Responses of PBMCs from Children with Recent-Onset Type 1 Diabetes.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Article
- Monitoring islet specific immune responses in type 1 diabetes clinical immunotherapy trials.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of immune checkpoint molecules and regulators in type 1 diabetes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
- The etiology and pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes - A personal, non-systematic review of possible causes, and interventions.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antigen-specific immunotherapy is an appealing strategy to preserve beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes, although the approach has yet to meet its therapeutic endpoint. Direct administration of autoantigen into lymph nodes has emerged as an alternative administration route that can improve the efficacy of the treatment. In the first open-label clinical trial in humans, injection of aluminum-formulated glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-alum) into an inguinal lymph node led to the promising preservation of C-peptide in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes. The treatment induced a distinct immunomodulatory effect, but the response at the cell level has not been fully characterized. Here we used mass cytometry to profile the immune landscape in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 12 participants of the study before and after 15 months of treatment. The immunomodulatory effect of the therapy included reduction of naïve and unswitched memory B cells, increase in follicular helper T cells and expansion of PD-1+ CD69+ cells in both CD8+ and double negative T cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.